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      Large Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction induced by chemisorbed oxygen on a ferromagnet surface

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          Abstract

          Observation of large Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction and switching of skyrmion’s winding number induced by chemisorbed oxygen.

          Abstract

          The Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) is an antisymmetric exchange interaction that stabilizes chiral spin textures. It is induced by inversion symmetry breaking in noncentrosymmetric lattices or at interfaces. Recently, interfacial DMI has been found in magnetic layers adjacent to transition metals due to the spin-orbit coupling and at interfaces with graphene due to the Rashba effect. We report direct observation of strong DMI induced by chemisorption of oxygen on a ferromagnetic layer at room temperature. The sign of this DMI and its unexpectedly large magnitude—despite the low atomic number of oxygen—are derived by examining the oxygen coverage–dependent evolution of magnetic chirality. We find that DMI at the oxygen/ferromagnet interface is comparable to those at ferromagnet/transition metal interfaces; it has enabled direct tailoring of skyrmion’s winding number at room temperature via oxygen chemisorption. This result extends the understanding of the DMI, opening up opportunities for the chemisorption-related design of spin-orbitronic devices.

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          Generalized Gradient Approximation Made Simple

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            Real-space observation of a two-dimensional skyrmion crystal.

            Crystal order is not restricted to the periodic atomic array, but can also be found in electronic systems such as the Wigner crystal or in the form of orbital order, stripe order and magnetic order. In the case of magnetic order, spins align parallel to each other in ferromagnets and antiparallel in antiferromagnets. In other, less conventional, cases, spins can sometimes form highly nontrivial structures called spin textures. Among them is the unusual, topologically stable skyrmion spin texture, in which the spins point in all the directions wrapping a sphere. The skyrmion configuration in a magnetic solid is anticipated to produce unconventional spin-electronic phenomena such as the topological Hall effect. The crystallization of skyrmions as driven by thermal fluctuations has recently been confirmed in a narrow region of the temperature/magnetic field (T-B) phase diagram in neutron scattering studies of the three-dimensional helical magnets MnSi (ref. 17) and Fe(1-x)Co(x)Si (ref. 22). Here we report real-space imaging of a two-dimensional skyrmion lattice in a thin film of Fe(0.5)Co(0.5)Si using Lorentz transmission electron microscopy. With a magnetic field of 50-70 mT applied normal to the film, we observe skyrmions in the form of a hexagonal arrangement of swirling spin textures, with a lattice spacing of 90 nm. The related T-B phase diagram is found to be in good agreement with Monte Carlo simulations. In this two-dimensional case, the skyrmion crystal seems very stable and appears over a wide range of the phase diagram, including near zero temperature. Such a controlled nanometre-scale spin topology in a thin film may be useful in observing unconventional magneto-transport effects.
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              Magnetic skyrmions: advances in physics and potential applications

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sci Adv
                Sci Adv
                SciAdv
                advances
                Science Advances
                American Association for the Advancement of Science
                2375-2548
                August 2020
                14 August 2020
                : 6
                : 33
                : eaba4924
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Physics Department, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
                [2 ]Depto. Física de Materiales, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
                [3 ]Unidad Asociada IQFR(CSIC)-UCM, Madrid E-28040, Spain.
                [4 ]Peter Grünberg Institut and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich and JARA, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
                [5 ]Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
                [6 ]Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, D-20355 Hamburg, Germany.
                [7 ]National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Department of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, People’s Republic of China.
                [8 ]Depto. de Física de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
                [9 ]NCEM, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
                [10 ]Physics Department, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. Email: gchenncem@ 123456gmail.com (G.C.); kai.liu@ 123456georgetown.edu (K.L.)
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5102-7487
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2614-2862
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5050-9978
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8055-6727
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4027-3711
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7524-0779
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4207-7658
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0035-3095
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9413-6782
                Article
                aba4924
                10.1126/sciadv.aba4924
                7428341
                32851165
                9eda22e9-7557-4c06-9dc8-67cd5ec603b7
                Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, so long as the resultant use is not for commercial advantage and provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 09 December 2019
                : 01 July 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: doi http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001, National Science Foundation;
                Award ID: DMR-1610060
                Funded by: doi http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001, National Science Foundation;
                Award ID: DMR-1905468
                Funded by: doi http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000161, National Institute of Standards and Technology;
                Award ID: SMART (2018-NE-2861)
                Funded by: doi http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft;
                Award ID: Project BL 444/16
                Funded by: doi http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: 11734006
                Funded by: doi http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: 51571109
                Funded by: the Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, of the US Department of Energy;
                Award ID: DE-AC02-05CH11231
                Funded by: MINECO (Spain);
                Award ID: MAT2014-52477
                Funded by: MINECO (Spain);
                Award ID: FIS2017-82415-R
                Funded by: MECD (Spain);
                Award ID: PRX17/00557
                Funded by: doi http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013290, National Key Research and Development Program of China Stem Cell and Translational Research;
                Award ID: 2017YFA0303202
                Funded by: UC Office of the President Multicampus Research Programs and Initiatives;
                Award ID: MRP-17-454963
                Funded by: doi http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100007210, RWTH Aachen University;
                Award ID: JARA-HPC (Projects jias1f and jara0197)
                Funded by: DARPA TEE program;
                Award ID: MIPR (# HR0011831554)
                Funded by: European Union H2020-INFRAEDI-2018-1 program;
                Award ID: 824143
                Funded by: Collaborative Research Centers SFB 1238;
                Award ID: Project C01
                Funded by: MINECO (Spain);
                Award ID: MAT2017-87072-C4-2-P
                Funded by: International Marie Curie Fellowship (European Union);
                Award ID: 748006
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