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      Detecting congenital hypothyroidism with newborn screening: the relevance of thyroid-stimulating hormone cutoff values Translated title: Detecção de hipotireoidismo congênito pela triagem neonatal: a relevância dos valores de corte de hormônio estimulante da tireoide

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          Abstract

          Abstract Objectives: To assess the prevalence of congenital hypothyroidism and the ability of various neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSHneo) cutoff values to detect this disease. Methods: This cohort study was based on the retrospective collection of information available from the Reference Service for Newborn Screening database for all live births from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2012, assessed using the Newborn Screening Program of a Brazilian state, Brazil. The infants were divided into two groups: I - Control: infants with normal newborn screening tests and II - Study: infants with congenital hypothyroidism. Analysis included comparing the TSHneo levels from both groups. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to assess the TSHneo cutoff values. Results: Using a TSHneo cutoff value of 5.0 µIU/mL, 50 out of 111,705 screened infants had diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism (prevalence 1:2234 live births). The ROC curve showed that TSHneo value of 5.03 µIU/mL had 100% sensitivity and the greatest associated specificity (93.7%). The area under the curve was 0.9898 (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The ROC curve confirmed that the TSHneo cutoff value of 5.0 µIU/mL adopted by the Newborn Screening Program of a Brazilian state was the most appropriate for detecting congenital hypothyroidism and most likely explains the high prevalence that was found.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo Objetivos: Avaliar a prevalência do hipotireoidismo congênito e a capacidade de vários valores de corte do hormônio estimulante da tireoide de neonatos (TSHneo) para detectar essa doença. Métodos: Este estudo de coorte teve como base a coleta retrospectiva de informações disponíveis no banco de dados do Serviço de Referência em Triagem Neonatal de todos os nascidos vivos de 1∘ de janeiro de 2010 a 31 de dezembro de 2012, avaliados no Programa de Triagem Neonatal de um estado brasileiro. Os neonatos foram divididos em dois grupos: I - Controle: neonatos com testes de triagem neonatal normais e II - Estudo: neonatos com hipotireoidismo congênito. A análise incluiu a comparação entre os níveis de TSHneo dos dois grupos. Uma curva do poder discriminante do teste (ROC) foi criada para avaliar os diferentes valores de corte de TSHneo. Resultados: Utilizando um valor de corte de TSHneo de 5,0 IU/mL, 50 dos 111.705 neonatos examinados foram diagnosticados com hipotireoidismo congênito (prevalência de 1:2.234 nascidos vivos). A curva ROC mostrou que o valor do TSHneo de 5,03 IU/mL possuía sensibilidade de 100% e a maior especificidade relacionada (93,7%). A área abaixo da curva foi 0,9898 (p < 0,0001). Conclusões: A curva ROC confirmou que o valor de corte de TSHneo de 5,0 IU/mL adotado pelo Programa de Triagem Neonatal de um estado brasileiro foi o mais adequado na detecção do hipotireoidismo congênito e provavelmente explica a alta prevalência constatada.

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          The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.

          A representation and interpretation of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve obtained by the "rating" method, or by mathematical predictions based on patient characteristics, is presented. It is shown that in such a setting the area represents the probability that a randomly chosen diseased subject is (correctly) rated or ranked with greater suspicion than a randomly chosen non-diseased subject. Moreover, this probability of a correct ranking is the same quantity that is estimated by the already well-studied nonparametric Wilcoxon statistic. These two relationships are exploited to (a) provide rapid closed-form expressions for the approximate magnitude of the sampling variability, i.e., standard error that one uses to accompany the area under a smoothed ROC curve, (b) guide in determining the size of the sample required to provide a sufficiently reliable estimate of this area, and (c) determine how large sample sizes should be to ensure that one can statistically detect differences in the accuracy of diagnostic techniques.
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            Screening for congenital hypothyroidism: the significance of threshold limit in false-negative results.

            In our neonatal program, a number of infants with congenital hypothyroidism (CH) had escaped diagnosis, when a spot RIA-TSH value of 20 mU/liter whole blood was used as a cutoff point. The objective of the study was to find out prospectively the additional number of newborns with CH if the TSH cutoff point is lowered to 10 mU/liter. The study included 311,390 screened newborns. The children with CH were followed up for a period of 3 yr. Twenty-eight percent of infants diagnosed with CH had neonatal TSH values between 10 and 20 mU/liter (56 of 200). Forty of 47 infants, who were reevaluated later on (85.1%), suffered permanent CH. A thyroid scintiscan and/or echogram revealed that eight of 40 children (20.0%) had a structural defect, and the remaining (32 of 40) had a functional defect of the thyroid gland without anatomical abnormality; 14 of 32 cases were familial. Eighteen of the 47 reevaluated infants were prematurely born (38.3%) and 15 of these 18 had permanent CH (83.3%). The lowering of TSH cutoff point from 20 to 10 mU/liter resulted in a 10-fold increase of recall rate. A significant number of cases with permanent CH are missed when a TSH threshold of 20 mU/liter is applied. Almost 40% of the missed CH cases were premature. A mild increase of TSH at screening is not a predictor of transient CH. The increase in recall rate constitutes a serious drawback and should be balanced against the possible consequences of thyroid dysfunction at this important developmental stage.
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              Approach to the diagnosis and treatment of neonatal hypothyroidism.

              Congenital hypothyroidism, occurring in 1:3000 newborns, is one of the most common preventable causes of mental retardation. Neurodevelopmental outcome is inversely related to the age of diagnosis and treatment. Infants detected through newborn screening programs and started on l-T(4) in the first few weeks of life have a normal or near-normal neurodevelopmental outcome. The recommended starting dose of l-T(4) (10-15 μg/kg · d) is higher on a weight basis than the dose for children and adults. Tailoring the starting l-T(4) dose to the severity of the hypothyroidism will normalize serum T(4) and TSH as rapidly as possible. It is important to obtain confirmatory serum thyroid function tests before treatment is started. Further diagnostic studies, such as radionuclide uptake and scan and ultrasonography, may be performed to determine the underlying cause of hypothyroidism. Because results from these tests generally do not alter the initial treatment decision, however, these diagnostic studies are rarely indicated. The developing brain has a critical dependence on thyroid hormone for the first 2-3 yr of life; thus, monitoring occurs at more frequent intervals than in older children and adults. Serum free T(4) and TSH should be checked at intervals frequent enough to ensure timely adjustment of l-T(4) dosing and to keep serum free T(4) and TSH levels in target ranges. Given the success of early detection and treatment of neonates with congenital hypothyroidism, a public health mandate should be to develop similar programs for the 75% of babies worldwide who are born in areas without newborn screening programs.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                jped
                Jornal de Pediatria
                J. Pediatr. (Rio J.)
                Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria (Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil )
                0021-7557
                1678-4782
                June 2017
                : 93
                : 3
                : 274-280
                Affiliations
                [2] São Paulo São Paulo orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Faculdade de Saúde Pública orgdiv2Departamento de Saúde Materno-Infantil Brazil
                [3] São Paulo São Paulo orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Pediatria Brazil
                [1] Cuiabá Mato Grosso orgnameUniversidade Federal de Mato Grosso orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Pediatria Brazil
                Article
                S0021-75572017000300274
                10.1016/j.jped.2016.07.006
                28024960
                9e5a3b7a-d2f6-441b-8c34-5089e3bfc373

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 16 February 2016
                : 04 July 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 26, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Brazil


                Hipotireoidismo congênito,Triagem de recém-nascidos,Triagem neonatal,Tirotropina,Congenital hypothyroidism,Newborn screening,Neonatal screening,Thyrotropin

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