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      The relationship between sense of coherence and post-traumatic stress: a meta-analysis Translated title: La Relación entre sentido de coherencia y estrés postraumático: Un metanálisis Translated title: 心理一致感与创伤后应激之间的关系:元分析

      review-article
      a , b , c , d , e , a
      European Journal of Psychotraumatology
      Taylor & Francis
      Sense of coherence, post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD, PTSD symptoms, salutogenesis, resilience, meta-analysis, review, sentido de coherencia, trastorno de estrés postraumático, TEPT, síntomas de TEPT, salutogénesis, resiliencia, metanálisis, revisión., 心理一致感,创伤后应激障碍,PTSD,PTSD症状,促健康,韧性,元分析,综述, • This meta-analysis reports a robust correlation between sense of coherence (SOC) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. • Higher SOC levels are linked to lower PTSD symptom scores. • No significant moderating effects were found for the correlation between SOC and PTSD symptoms. • There were homogeneous correlations for Holocaust and war traumas and enduring stressors. • Future research needs to investigate a potential causal relationship.

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          ABSTRACT

          Background: Antonovsky’s concept of sense of coherence (SOC) – as a global orientation reflecting an individual’s feeling of confidence in both the predictability of their internal and external environment and their ability to cope with stressful and challenging situations in life – shows a negative association with symptoms of post-traumatic stress. However, single studies varying in study characteristics provide heterogeneous effect size estimations.

          Objective: The purpose of the current study is to investigate the relationship between SOC and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity for the first time on a meta-analytical level.

          Method: The random-effects meta-analysis is based on zero-order correlations ( r) and consists of 47 independent samples out of 45 studies ( N = 10,883).

          Results: After correcting for sampling error, the mean correlation between SOC and PTSD symptoms was M( r) = −.41 (excluding four outliers: −.39). However, this effect could not be generalized to all types of PTSD samples owing to substantial remaining heterogeneity. Subsequent moderator analyses investigating the influence of different SOC and PTSD measures, trauma type and duration, mean age and gender imbalances per sample did not reveal significant moderating effects.

          Conclusions: The meta-analysis reveals a substantial correlation between SOC and PTSD symptom severity: higher SOC levels are associated with lower symptom severity. Thus, future research should progress to the question of whether the relationship between SOC and post-traumatic stress is causal, and by which factors it is moderated.

          Abbreviations: CD, Cook’s distance; DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; (G)RR, general (and specific) resistance resources; IES(-R), Impact of Event Scale (Revised); PDS, Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale; PRISMA, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; SDR, standard deleted residual; SOC, sense of coherence; SOC-R, Sense of Coherence Scale – Revised

          Antecedentes: El concepto de sentido de coherencia (SOC) de Antonovsky- como una orientación global reflejando el sentimiento de seguridad de un individuo, tanto en la previsibilidad de su ambiente interno y externo y su habilidad para enfrentar situaciones estresantes y desafiantes en su vida- muestra una asociación negativa con el estrés postraumático. Sin embargo, estudios individuales que varían en las características proporcionan estimaciones del tamaño del efecto heterogéneo.

          Objetivo: El propósito de este estudio es investigar la relación entre SOC y severidad de los síntomas de TEPT por primera vez a un nivel metaanalítico.

          Método: El metanálisis de efectos aleatorios se basa en correlaciones de orden cero (r) y consta de 47 muestras independientes de 45 estudios (N= 10.883).

          Resultados: Después de corregir por error de muestreo, la correlación media entre SOC y síntomas de TEPT fue M(r) =−.41 (excluyendo cuatro valores atípicos: −.39). Sin embargo, este efecto podría no ser generalizado a todos los tipos de muestras de TEPT debido a la importante heterogeneidad restante. Los siguientes análisis del moderador investigan la influencia de diferentes mediciones de SOC y TEPT, tipo de trauma y duración, edad media y desbalance de género por muestra no revela efectos moderados significativos.

          Conclusiones: El metanálisis revela una importante correlación entre SOC y severidad de los síntomas de TEPT: Niveles más altos de SOC están asociados con menor severidad de los síntomas. De este modo, las investigaciones futuras deberían progresar a la pregunta de si la relación entre SOC y estrés postraumático es causal, y por cuáles factores es moderada.

          背景:Antonovsky的心理一致感(SOC)概念——作为反映个人对其内在和外在环境的可预测性及其应对生活中的压力和挑战的信心的整体取向——显示出与创伤后应激症状的负相关。然而,各个研究的特征不同导致了效应量估计的差异。

          目的:本研究的目的是首次在元分析水平上研究SOC与PTSD症状严重程度之间的关系。

          方法:随机效应元分析基于零阶相关(r),由45项研究中的47个独立样本组成(N = 10883)。

          结果:在校正抽样误差后,SOC和PTSD症状之间的平均相关性为M(r)= −.41(不包括四个异常值:-.39)。然而,由于异质性依然明显存在,这种效应不能推广到所有类型的PTSD样品。之后使用调节分析考察不同SOC和 PTSD量表、创伤类型和持续时间、平均年龄和样本的性别失衡的影响,并未发现显著的调节作用。

          结论:元分析显示SOC与PTSD症状严重程度之间存在显著相关性:较高的SOC水平与较低的症状严重程度相关。因此,未来的研究应该进展到SOC与创伤后应激之间的关系是否是因果关系以及由哪些因素调节。

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          Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: a meta-analysis.

          A review of 2,647 studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) yielded 476 potential candidates for a meta-analysis of predictors of PTSD or of its symptoms. From these, 68 studies met criteria for inclusion in a meta-analysis of 7 predictors: (a) prior trauma, (b) prior psychological adjustment, (c) family history of psychopathology, (d) perceived life threat during the trauma, (e) posttrauma social support, (f) peritraumatic emotional responses, and (g) peritraumatic dissociation. All yielded significant effect sizes, with family history, prior trauma, and prior adjustment the smallest (weighted r = .17) and peritraumatic dissociation the largest (weighted r = .35). The results suggest that peritraumatic psychological processes, not prior characteristics, are the strongest predictors of PTSD.
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              Posttraumatic stress disorder in adults: impact, comorbidity, risk factors, and treatment.

              During the last 30 years, there has been a substantial increase in the study of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Several high-profile traumatic events, such as the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, and the terrorist attacks of September 11 on the World Trade Center, have led to a greater public interest in the risk and protective factors for PTSD. In this In Review paper, I discuss some of the important advances in PTSD. The paper provides a concise review of the evolution of PTSD diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, impact of PTSD in the community, an overview of the established risk factors for developing PTSD, and assessment and treatment. Throughout the paper, controversies and clinical implications are discussed.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                ZEPT
                zept20
                European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Taylor & Francis
                2000-8066
                2019
                17 January 2019
                : 10
                : 1
                : 1562839
                Affiliations
                [a ]Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Saarland University , Saarbrücken, Germany
                [b ]Individual Differences & Psychodiagnostics, Department of Psychology, Saarland University , Saarbrücken, Germany
                [c ]The Oxford Institute of Clinical Psychology Training, Isis Education Centre, Warneford Hospital , Oxford, UK
                [d ]Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital , Lausanne, Switzerland
                [e ]Institute of Higher Education in Healthcare Research, University of Lausanne , Lausanne, Switzerland
                Author notes
                CONTACT T. Michael t.michael@ 123456mx.uni-saarland.de Department of Psychology, Saarland University , Building A 1.3, 66123Saarbrücken, Germany
                [*]

                These authors contributed equally to this work

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9885-3252
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9950-9661
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2409-3817
                Article
                1562839
                10.1080/20008198.2018.1562839
                6338278
                30693079
                9e0da385-e007-47e9-a552-169deacc4d69
                © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 05 February 2018
                : 04 December 2018
                : 07 December 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 7, Tables: 7, References: 73, Pages: 23
                Funding
                Funded by: Swiss National Science Foundation 10.13039/501100001711
                Award ID: 32003B_172982/1
                Categories
                Review Article

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                sense of coherence,post-traumatic stress disorder,ptsd,ptsd symptoms,salutogenesis,resilience,meta-analysis,review,sentido de coherencia,trastorno de estrés postraumático,tept,síntomas de tept,salutogénesis,resiliencia,metanálisis,revisión.,心理一致感,创伤后应激障碍,ptsd,ptsd症状,促健康,韧性,元分析,综述,• this meta-analysis reports a robust correlation between sense of coherence (soc) and post-traumatic stress disorder (ptsd) symptoms. • higher soc levels are linked to lower ptsd symptom scores. • no significant moderating effects were found for the correlation between soc and ptsd symptoms. • there were homogeneous correlations for holocaust and war traumas and enduring stressors. • future research needs to investigate a potential causal relationship.

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