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Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high-production chemical used in a variety of applications
worldwide. While BPA has been documented as an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC)
having adverse health-related outcomes in multiple studies, risk assessment for BPA
has lagged due to reliance on guideline toxicology studies over academic ones with
end-points considered more sensitive and appropriate. To address current controversies
on BPA safety, the United States National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
(NIEHS), the National Toxicology Program (NTP) and the Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) established the Consortium Linking Academic and Regulatory Insights on BPA Toxicity
(CLARITY-BPA) using the NCTR Sprague-Dawley rats. The goal of CLARITY-BPA is to perform
a traditional regulatory toxicology study (Core study) in conjunction with multiple
behavioural, molecular and cellular studies by academic laboratories focused on previously
identified BPA-sensitive organ systems (Academic studies). Combined analysis of the
data from both study types will be undertaken by the NTP with the aim of resolving
uncertainties on BPA toxicity. To date, the Core study has been completed and a draft
report released. Most of the academic studies have also been finalized and published
in peer-reviewed journals. In light of this important milestone, the PPTOX-VI meeting
held in the Faroe Islands, 27-30 May 2018 devoted a plenary session to CLARITY-BPA
with presentations by multiple investigators with the purpose of highlighting key
outcome. This MiniReview synthesizes the results of three academic studies presented
at this plenary session, evaluates recently published findings by other CLARITY-BPA
academic studies to provide an early combined overview of this emerging data and places
this in the context of the Core study findings. This co-ordinated effort revealed
a plethora of significant BPA effects across multiple organ systems and BPA doses
with non-monotonic responses across the dose range utilized. Remarkably consistent
across most studies, including the Core study, are low-dose effects (2.5, 25 and 250 μg
BPA/kg body-weight). Collectively, the findings highlighted herein corroborate a significant
body of evidence that documents adverse effects of BPA at doses relevant to human
exposures and emphasizes the need for updated risk assessment analysis.
Background Bisphenol A (BPA) and 4-tertiary-octylphenol (tOP) are industrial chemicals used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins (BPA) and nonionic surfactants (tOP). These products are in widespread use in the United States. Objectives We aimed to assess exposure to BPA and tOP in the U.S. general population. Methods We measured the total (free plus conjugated) urinary concentrations of BPA and tOP in 2,517 participants ≥ 6 years of age in the 2003–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey using automated solid-phase extraction coupled to isotope dilution–high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Results BPA and tOP were detected in 92.6% and 57.4% of the persons, respectively. Least square geometric mean (LSGM) concentrations of BPA were significantly lower in Mexican Americans than in non-Hispanic blacks (p = 0.006) and non-Hispanic whites (p = 0.007); LSGM concentrations for non-Hispanic blacks and non-Hispanic whites were not statistically different (p = 0.21). Females had statistically higher BPA LSGM concentrations than males (p = 0.043). Children had higher concentrations than adolescents (p $45,000/year). Conclusions Urine concentrations of total BPA differed by race/ethnicity, age, sex, and household income. These first U.S. population representative concentration data for urinary BPA and tOP should help guide public health research priorities, including studies of exposure pathways, potential health effects, and risk assessment.
Cancers are caused by mutations that may be inherited, induced by environmental factors, or result from DNA replication errors (R). We studied the relationship between the number of normal stem cell divisions and the risk of 17 cancer types in 69 countries throughout the world. The data revealed a strong correlation (median = 0.80) between cancer incidence and normal stem cell divisions in all countries, regardless of their environment. The major role of R mutations in cancer etiology was supported by an independent approach, based solely on cancer genome sequencing and epidemiological data, which suggested that R mutations are responsible for two-thirds of the mutations in human cancers. All of these results are consistent with epidemiological estimates of the fraction of cancers that can be prevented by changes in the environment. Moreover, they accentuate the importance of early detection and intervention to reduce deaths from the many cancers arising from unavoidable R mutations.
[1
]Departments of Urology, Pathology, and Physiology; College of Medicine; University
of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago Illinois
[2
]Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics; School of Public Health; University of Illinois
at Chicago; Chicago Illinois
[3
]Chicago Center for Health and Environment (CACHET); University of Illinois at Chicago;
Chicago Illinois
[4
]Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for Human Health and the Environment
(CHHE); North Carolina State University; Raleigh North Carolina
[5
]Department of Environmental Health Sciences; University of Massachusetts-Amherst,
School of Public Health & Health Sciences; Amherst Massachusetts
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