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      Pseudo-folliculite de la barbe chez les élèves policiers à Dakar : aspects épidémio-cliniques et facteurs de risque associés Translated title: Pseudofolliculitis barbae in police students in Dakar: epidemiological and clinical aspects, and associated risk factors

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          RÉSUMÉ

          Introduction

          La pseudo-folliculite de la barbe (PFB) est une dermatose inflammatoire chronique, favorisée par le rasage et affectant essentiellement la barbe, mais aussi les autres zones du corps rasées (pubis, aisselles). Elle est particulièrement fréquente chez les Noirs africains, causant un important préjudice esthétique et professionnel. Cependant, il existe très peu de données disponibles pour cette affection, surtout en Afrique subsaharienne. Notre objectif était de déterminer les aspects épidémiologiques et cliniques, ainsi que les facteurs de risque associés à la survenue de la PFB à Dakar.

          Population et méthode

          Il s’agit d’une étude transversale descriptive à visée analytique, réalisée en mars 2019, portant sur 655 élèves policiers pensionnaires de l’école nationale de police de Dakar, tous d’ascendance africaine et porteurs de cheveux crépus soumis à une obligation de rasage hebdomadaire. Le diagnostic de PFB était clinique.

          Résultats

          Sur les 655 élèves policiers, 254 présentaient une PFB, soit une prévalence de 38,8 %. La prévalence de la PFB était de 43,7 % chez les hommes et de 11,9 % chez les femmes. L’âge moyen des élèves présentant la PFB était de 26,8 ans. L’âge de début de la PFB était compris entre 18 et 22 ans chez la majorité (53,9 %). Les lésions de PFB étaient prurigineuses dans 84,6 % des cas, à type de papules dans 96,8 % des cas et/ou de pustules dans 60,2 % des cas. La région sous-mandibulaire était le site le plus affecté (69,8 %). Des complications étaient notées dans 90,1 % des cas, surtout à type d’hyperpigmentation post-inflammatoire (87 %). Les facteurs de risque associés à la PFB étaient le sexe masculin, l’existence d’un antécédent familial de PFB, la peau à tendance chéloïdienne, l’association à une folliculite fibrosante de la nuque, l’utilisation de rasoirs à lame unique ou à tête fixe, le rasage à contre-sens du poil, le non-usage de produits de rasage et l’épilation à la cire.

          Conclusion

          Notre étude confirme la fréquence élevée de la PFB dans cette population d’hommes noirs d’ascendance africaine. Une anomalie génétique révélée par le rasage doit être évoquée dans la survenue de la PFB, nécessitant ainsi d’autres études sur le plan génétique et immunohistochimique.

          Translated abstract

          Background

          Pseudofolliculitis barbae (PFB) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease favoured by shaving. It is particularly common among black Africans belonging to certain socio-professional categories who are obliged to shave. Its aesthetic and professional damage is very significant. However, very few data are available for this condition, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa.

          Objective

          To determine the epidemiological and clinical aspects, and the risk factors associated with the occurrence of PFB in Dakar.

          Population and methods

          This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in March 2019, including 655 police students at the National Police Academy in Dakar, all of African descent and with curly hair, who were required to shave weekly and agreed to participate in this study. The diagnosis of PFB was clinically based. Data analysis was processed using Epi-info version 6.0 software. Pearson’s chi-square test was used for bivariate analysis with a significance threshold of p < 0.05. The Odds Ratio, with its 95% confidence interval, was used to determine the risk factors.

          Results

          Among the 655 officers, 254 had PFB, with a prevalence of 38.8%. The prevalence of PFB was 43.7% in men (242 men out of 554) and 11.9% in women (12 women out of 101). The average age of patients with PFB was 26.80 years (± 2.59), ranging from 22 to 36 years. The age of onset of PFB was between 18 and 20 years for the majority (39.8%), with a mean age of onset of 22.2 years (± 3.6). PFB lesions were pruritic in 84.6% of cases, papular in 96.8%, and/or pustular in 60.2%. The submandibular region was the most affected site (69.8%). Complications were noted in 90.1% of cases in the form of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (87%) and keloid scars (3.1%). The risk factors associated with PFB were male sex (p<0.0001; OR=5.7; CI95% [3.07-10.75]), family history of PFB (p<0.0001; OR=5; CI95% [3.35-7.37]), keloid-prone skin (p<0.0001; OR=2.9; CI95% [1.63-4.96]), association with acne keloidalis nuchae (p<0.0001; OR=8.8; CI95% [5.55-14.08]), use of a single-blade razor (p<0.0001; OR=2.5; CI95% [1.69-3.70]), use of a fixed-head razor (p<0.0001; OR=1.8 CI95% [1.28-2.77]), shaving against the grain (p<0.0001; OR = 6.3; CI95%= [4.33-9.08]), non-use of shaving products (p = 0.009; OR = 1.5; CI95%= [1.06-2]) and waxing (p<0.004; OR=2.7; CI95% [1.33-5.77]). On the other hand, the use of clippers (p<0.0001; OR = 0.5 CI95% [0.33-0.65]), pre-shave products (p<0.0001; OR = 0.4 CI95% [0.29-0.61]) and the use of razors with movable heads (p<0.0009; OR = 0.2 CI95% [0.17-0.35]) were protective factors against PFB.

          Conclusion

          Our study confirms the high incidence of PFB in this population of black men of African descent. A genetic abnormality revealed by shaving must be evoked in the occurrence of PFB. Further genetic and immunohistochemical studies would be needed to support this hypothesis.

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          Most cited references17

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          Is Open Access

          Acne keloidalis nuchae: prevalence, impact, and management challenges

          Acne keloidalis nuchae (AKN) also known as folliculitis keloidalis nuchae (FKN) is a chronic form of scarring folliculitis seen mostly in men of African descent. The term AKN is commonly used even though the condition is not a keloid, and the affected individuals do not have a tendency to develop keloids in other areas of the body. It is seen in post pubertal men and is rare after the age of 55 years. A few cases have been reported in females. which has been classified as a primary cicatricial alopecia since the exact cause of acne keloidalis (AK) remains unknown. However, a few inciting agents have been suggested which include androgens, inflammation, infection, trauma, genetics, and ingrowing hairs. AK shares some similar features with other forms of cicatricial alopecia and may occur together. Papules, pustules, and sometimes tumorous masses in the nuchal or occipital regions of the scalp hence the name “bumps” evolved in the environment. Despite its common occurrence, only a few seek help in hospital when lesions start to unsightly affect the individual’s quality of life. The presences of the keloidal lesions are more stressful compared to the resulting alopecia. Various attempts to reduce the bumps with corrosives, acids, and car engine oils lead to larger lesions or unsightly scars. Active lesions produce bleeding during haircuts. This is worrisome as a couple of individuals with active AK share shaving instruments at the barber shop and are at risk of acquiring or transmitting blood-borne infections. There is an urgent need to encourage safe shaving habits and treatment of lesions at onset so as to prevent unsightly lesions.
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            Genetic susceptibility to keloid scarring: SMAD gene SNP frequencies in Afro-Caribbeans.

            Keloid disease (KD) is a fibroproliferative dermal tumour of unknown aetiology. The increased familial clustering in KD, its increased prevalence in certain races and increased concordance in identical twins suggest a strong genetic predisposition to keloid formation. The highest incidence of keloids is found in the black population, where it has been estimated around 4-6% and up to 16% in random samples of black Africans. SMAD genes 3, 6 and 7 were investigated as candidate genes in Jamaican patients with keloid scars (n = 183) and a matched control population (n = 121) because of their previously reported involvement in fibrotic disorders and to determine if they were associated with keloid disease susceptibility. Thirty Five SNPs across these genes were genotyped using Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and iPLEX assay. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) was established between several of the SNPs investigated. In the Jamaican population, the SMAD SNPs investigated for this study were not strongly associated with increased risk of developing KD. Identification of genetic markers in candidate genes such as the SMAD family may be of significant importance in diagnosis, prognosis and development of new therapies in the management of keloid scarring.
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              Defining pseudofolliculitis barbae in 2001: a review of the literature and current trends.

              Pseudofolliculitis barbae (PFB) is a chronic inflammatory and potentially disfiguring condition most often seen in men and women of African American and Hispanic origin who have tightly curled hair and who shave or tweeze hairs frequently. The etiology is multifactorial. The shape of the hair follicle, hair cuticle, and the direction of hair growth each play a role in the inflammatory response once the hair is shaven or plucked and left to grow. This reaction often produces painful, pruritic, and sometimes hyperpigmented papules in the beard distribution. The result is an unappealing cosmetic appearance, often with emotionally distressing consequences for affected individuals. The diagnosis is made clinically. Currently, prevention and early intervention are the mainstays of therapy. Many treatment options are available; however, none has been completely curative. In this review, the history, incidence, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, dermatopathology, prevention, and treatment of PFB, including the most current surgical options, will be discussed. In addition, new data on patients with PFB from the Skin of Color Center will be presented.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Med Trop Sante Int
                Med Trop Sante Int
                MTSI
                Médecine Tropicale et Santé Internationale
                MTSI
                2778-2034
                2778-2034
                30 June 2024
                18 April 2024
                : 4
                : 2
                : mtsi.v4i2.2024.400
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institut d’hygiène sociale, MHH3+7P4, Dakar, Sénégal
                [2 ]Université Gaston Berger, BP 234, Saint-Louis, Sénégal
                [3 ]Centre hospitalier régional de Saint Louis, Boulevard Abdoulaye Mar Diop, Saint Louis, Sénégal
                [4 ]Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, MH57+688, Rue Place 79, Dakar, Sénégal
                Author notes
                Article
                10.48327/mtsi.v4i2.2024.400
                11292439
                9defea05-1ba1-4cc9-aaf0-ca8a487f5021
                Copyright © 2024 SFMTSI

                Cet article en libre accès est distribué selon les termes de la licence Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 10 July 2023
                : 03 April 2024
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 3, References: 17, Pages: 8
                Categories
                Public Health
                Santé Publique

                pseudo-folliculite,barbe,aisselles,pubis,rasage,élève policier,homme,femme,noir africain,dakar,sénégal,afrique subsaharienne,pseudofolliculitis,barbae,shaving,police students,man,woman,black african,senegal,sub-saharan africa

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