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      Analysis of the vertebrate insulator protein CTCF-binding sites in the human genome.

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          Abstract

          Insulator elements affect gene expression by preventing the spread of heterochromatin and restricting transcriptional enhancers from activation of unrelated promoters. In vertebrates, insulator's function requires association with the CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), a protein that recognizes long and diverse nucleotide sequences. While insulators are critical in gene regulation, only a few have been reported. Here, we describe 13,804 CTCF-binding sites in potential insulators of the human genome, discovered experimentally in primary human fibroblasts. Most of these sequences are located far from the transcriptional start sites, with their distribution strongly correlated with genes. The majority of them fit to a consensus motif highly conserved and suitable for predicting possible insulators driven by CTCF in other vertebrate genomes. In addition, CTCF localization is largely invariant across different cell types. Our results provide a resource for investigating insulator function and possible other general and evolutionarily conserved activities of CTCF sites.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Cell
          Cell
          Elsevier BV
          0092-8674
          0092-8674
          Mar 23 2007
          : 128
          : 6
          Affiliations
          [1 ] Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093-0653, USA. taehoon.kim@yale.edu
          Article
          S0092-8674(07)00205-X NIHMS21216
          10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.048
          2572726
          17382889
          9d995c84-782d-4f32-829e-22916c874af1
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