Longitudinal association between smartphone ownership and depression among schoolchildren under COVID-19 pandemic

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Abstract

Under the COVID-19 pandemic, concerns regarding prolonged screen time and mental health effects in children have increased. We examined the association of depression with smartphone ownership in school children at four time points: September 2019, July 2020, December 2020, and March 2021. The analysis revealed an interaction between group and time, indicating that depressive symptoms among smartphone owners were significantly more severe than in the other group. These results were clearer for fourth-year students, pointing that smartphone possession at younger ages may be a risk factor for mental health in the new lifestyle caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

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The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00127-021-02196-5.

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Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19

Maria Loades, Eleanor Chatburn, Nina Higson-Sweeney … (2020)

Objective Disease containment of COVID-19 has necessitated widespread social isolation. We aimed to establish what is known about how loneliness and disease containment measures impact on the mental health in children and adolescents. Method For this rapid review, we searched MEDLINE, PSYCHINFO, and Web of Science for articles published between 01/01/1946 and 03/29/2020. 20% of articles were double screened using pre-defined criteria and 20% of data was double extracted for quality assurance. Results 83 articles (80 studies) met inclusion criteria. Of these, 63 studies reported on the impact of social isolation and loneliness on the mental health of previously healthy children and adolescents (n=51,576; mean age 15.3) 61 studies were observational; 18 were longitudinal and 43 cross sectional studies assessing self-reported loneliness in healthy children and adolescents. One of these studies was a retrospective investigation after a pandemic. Two studies evaluated interventions. Studies had a high risk of bias although longitudinal studies were of better methodological quality. Social isolation and loneliness increased the risk of depression, and possibly anxiety at the time loneliness was measured and between 0.25 to 9 years later. Duration of loneliness was more strongly correlated with mental health symptoms than intensity of loneliness. Conclusion Children and adolescents are probably more likely to experience high rates of depression and probably anxiety during and after enforced isolation ends. This may increase as enforced isolation continues. Clinical services should offer preventative support and early intervention where possible and be prepared for an increase in mental health problems.

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Relationship of Smartphone Use Severity with Sleep Quality, Depression, and Anxiety in University Students

Kadi̇r Demi̇rci̇, Mehmet Akgönül, Abdullah Akpınar (2015)

Background and Aims The usage of smartphones has increased rapidly in recent years, and this has brought about addiction. The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship between smartphone use severity and sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students. Methods In total, 319 university students (203 females and 116 males; mean age = 20.5 ± 2.45) were included in the study. Participants were divided into the following three groups: a smartphone non-user group (n = 71, 22.3%), a low smartphone use group (n = 121, 37.9%), and a high smartphone use group (n = 127, 39.8%). All participants were evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory; moreover, participants other than those in the smartphone non-user group were also assessed with the Smartphone Addiction Scale. Results The findings revealed that the Smartphone Addiction Scale scores of females were significantly higher than those of males. Depression, anxiety, and daytime dysfunction scores were higher in the high smartphone use group than in the low smartphone use group. Positive correlations were found between the Smartphone Addiction Scale scores and depression levels, anxiety levels, and some sleep quality scores. Conclusion The results indicate that depression, anxiety, and sleep quality may be associated with smartphone overuse. Such overuse may lead to depression and/or anxiety, which can in turn result in sleep problems. University students with high depression and anxiety scores should be carefully monitored for smartphone addiction.

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Systematic review of sedentary behaviour and health indicators in school-aged children and youth

Mark S. Tremblay, Allana G. LeBlanc, Michelle Kho … (2011)

Accumulating evidence suggests that, independent of physical activity levels, sedentary behaviours are associated with increased risk of cardio-metabolic disease, all-cause mortality, and a variety of physiological and psychological problems. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review is to determine the relationship between sedentary behaviour and health indicators in school-aged children and youth aged 5-17 years. Online databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO), personal libraries and government documents were searched for relevant studies examining time spent engaging in sedentary behaviours and six specific health indicators (body composition, fitness, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease, self-esteem, pro-social behaviour and academic achievement). 232 studies including 983,840 participants met inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Television (TV) watching was the most common measure of sedentary behaviour and body composition was the most common outcome measure. Qualitative analysis of all studies revealed a dose-response relation between increased sedentary behaviour and unfavourable health outcomes. Watching TV for more than 2 hours per day was associated with unfavourable body composition, decreased fitness, lowered scores for self-esteem and pro-social behaviour and decreased academic achievement. Meta-analysis was completed for randomized controlled studies that aimed to reduce sedentary time and reported change in body mass index (BMI) as their primary outcome. In this regard, a meta-analysis revealed an overall significant effect of -0.81 (95% CI of -1.44 to -0.17, p = 0.01) indicating an overall decrease in mean BMI associated with the interventions. There is a large body of evidence from all study designs which suggests that decreasing any type of sedentary time is associated with lower health risk in youth aged 5-17 years. In particular, the evidence suggests that daily TV viewing in excess of 2 hours is associated with reduced physical and psychosocial health, and that lowering sedentary time leads to reductions in BMI.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Masaki Adachi:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3115-9455

adachi07@hirosaki-u.ac.jp

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol

Title: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology

Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )

ISSN (Print): 0933-7954

ISSN (Electronic): 1433-9285

Publication date (Electronic): 12 November 2021

Publication date PMC-release: 12 November 2021

Pages: 1-5

Affiliations

[1 ]GRID grid.257016.7, ISNI 0000 0001 0673 6172, Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, , Hirosaki University, ; 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki-city, Aomori Japan

[2 ]GRID grid.257016.7, ISNI 0000 0001 0673 6172, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Graduate School of Medicine, , Hirosaki University, ; Hirosaki, Japan

[3 ]GRID grid.257016.7, ISNI 0000 0001 0673 6172, Faculty of Education, , Hirosaki University, ; Hirosaki, Japan

[4 ]GRID grid.257016.7, ISNI 0000 0001 0673 6172, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, , Hirosaki University, ; Hirosaki, Japan

[5 ]GRID grid.505613.4, ISNI 0000 0000 8937 6696, Research Centre for Child Mental Development, , Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, ; Hamamatsu, Japan

Author information

Masaki Adachi http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3115-9455

Article

Publisher ID: 2196

DOI: 10.1007/s00127-021-02196-5

PMC ID: 8588933

PubMed ID: 34773141

SO-VID: 9d6f958d-c051-44c2-b793-d29882fd1efc

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Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

Date received : 15 June 2021

Date accepted : 31 October 2021

Funding

Funded by: hirosaki institute of neuroscience in japan

Funded by: hirosaki university, institutional research grant

Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100009619, japan agency for medical research and development;

Award ID: JP20gk0110036

Award Recipient : Masaki Adachi Kazuhiko Nakamura

Funded by: joint usage/research program of research center for child mental development, chiba university 2021

Funded by: the association of japanese clinical psychology research grant for 2020

Award ID: 2020(ii)-01

Award Recipient : Masaki Adachi

Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001691, japan society for the promotion of science;

Award ID: 20H03595

Award ID: 20K14060

Award ID: 20K14043

Award Recipient : Hiroki Shinkawa Hiroyuki Mori Kazuhiko Nakamura

Funded by: the collaborative research network for asian children with developmental disorders

Longitudinal association between smartphone ownership and depression among schoolchildren under COVID-19 pandemic

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Novel Coronavirus Disease COVID-19

Most cited references 17

Rapid Systematic Review: The Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents in the Context of COVID-19

Relationship of Smartphone Use Severity with Sleep Quality, Depression, and Anxiety in University Students

Systematic review of sedentary behaviour and health indicators in school-aged children and youth

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