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      Compatible interaction of Brachypodium distachyon and endophytic fungus Microdochium bolleyi

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      PLoS ONE
      Public Library of Science

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          Abstract

          Brachypodium distachyon is a useful model organism for studying interaction of cereals with phytopathogenic fungi. The present study tested the possibility of a compatible interaction of B. distachyon with the endophytic fungus Microdochium bolleyi originated from wheat roots. There was evaluated the effect of this endophytic fungus on the intensity of the attack by pathogen Fusarium culmorum in B. distachyon and wheat, and also changes in expression of genes (in B. distachyon: BdChitinase1, BdPR1-5, BdLOX3, BdPAL, BdEIN3, and BdAOS; and in wheat: TaB2H2(chitinase), TaPR1. 1, TaLOX, TaPAL, TaEIN2, and TaAOS) involved in defence against pathogens. Using light microscopy and newly developed specific primers was found to be root colonization of B. distachyon by the endophyte M. bolleyi. B. distachyon plants, as well as wheat inoculated with M. bolleyi showed significantly weaker symptoms on leaves from infection by fungus F. culmorum than did plants without the endophyte. Expression of genes BdPR1-5, BdChitinase1, and BdLOX3 in B. distachyon and of TaPR1. 1 and TaB2H2 in wheat was upregulated after infection with F. culmorum. M. bolleyi-mediated resistance in B. distachyon was independent of the expression of the most tested genes. Taken together, the results of the present study show that B. distachyon can be used as a model host system for endophytic fungus M. bolleyi.

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          AMPLIFICATION AND DIRECT SEQUENCING OF FUNGAL RIBOSOMAL RNA GENES FOR PHYLOGENETICS

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            Primer3Plus, an enhanced web interface to Primer3

            Here we present Primer3Plus, a new web interface to the popular Primer3 primer design program as an enhanced alternative for the CGI- scripts that come with Primer3. Primer3 consists of a command line program and a web interface. The web interface is one large form showing all of the possible options. This makes the interface powerful, but at the same time confusing for occasional users. Primer3Plus provides an intuitive user interface using present-day web technologies and has been developed in close collaboration with molecular biologists and technicians regularly designing primers. It focuses on the task at hand, and hides detailed settings from the user until these are needed. We also added functionality to automate specific tasks like designing primers for cloning or step-wise sequencing. Settings and designed primer sequences can be stored locally for later use. Primer3Plus supports a range of common sequence formats, such as FASTA. Finally, primers selected by Primer3Plus can be sent to an order form, allowing tight integration into laboratory ordering systems. Moreover, the open architecture of Primer3Plus allows easy expansion or integration of external software packages. The Primer3Plus Perl source code is available under GPL license from SourceForge. Primer3Plus is available at http://www.bioinformatics.nl/primer3plus.
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              Induced systemic resistance by beneficial microbes.

              Beneficial microbes in the microbiome of plant roots improve plant health. Induced systemic resistance (ISR) emerged as an important mechanism by which selected plant growth-promoting bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere prime the whole plant body for enhanced defense against a broad range of pathogens and insect herbivores. A wide variety of root-associated mutualists, including Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Trichoderma, and mycorrhiza species sensitize the plant immune system for enhanced defense without directly activating costly defenses. This review focuses on molecular processes at the interface between plant roots and ISR-eliciting mutualists, and on the progress in our understanding of ISR signaling and systemic defense priming. The central role of the root-specific transcription factor MYB72 in the onset of ISR and the role of phytohormones and defense regulatory proteins in the expression of ISR in aboveground plant parts are highlighted. Finally, the ecological function of ISR-inducing microbes in the root microbiome is discussed.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Validation
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                14 March 2022
                2022
                : 17
                : 3
                : e0265357
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
                [2 ] Department of Plant Pathology, Agrotest Fyto, Ltd, Kroměříž, Czech Republic
                [3 ] Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
                Universita degli Studi di Pisa, ITALY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9095-3934
                Article
                PONE-D-21-30855
                10.1371/journal.pone.0265357
                8920291
                35286339
                9d251ffe-9bac-4103-93f8-4e4c80300094
                © 2022 Matušinsky et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 24 September 2021
                : 1 March 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 4, Pages: 19
                Funding
                Funded by: Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic
                Award ID: QK1910197
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic
                Award ID: QK21010064
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic
                Award ID: MZE-RO1118
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Palacky University in Olomouc
                Award ID: IGA_PrF_2022_002
                Award Recipient :
                Authors of this study were supported by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic, projects numbers QK1910197, QK21010064, MZE-RO1118 and Internal Grant of Palacky University project number IGA_PrF_2022_002. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Plants
                Grasses
                Wheat
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Fungi
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Plant Science
                Plant Pathology
                Plant Pathogens
                Plant Fungal Pathogens
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Plant Science
                Plant Anatomy
                Leaves
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Genetics
                Gene Expression
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Molecular Biology
                Molecular Biology Techniques
                Artificial Gene Amplification and Extension
                Polymerase Chain Reaction
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Molecular Biology Techniques
                Artificial Gene Amplification and Extension
                Polymerase Chain Reaction
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Microbiology
                Medical Microbiology
                Microbial Pathogens
                Fungal Pathogens
                Fusarium
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
                Pathogens
                Microbial Pathogens
                Fungal Pathogens
                Fusarium
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Mycology
                Fungal Pathogens
                Fusarium
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
                Pathogens
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting information files.

                Uncategorized
                Uncategorized

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