Role of Biofilm in Bacterial Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance

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ABSTRACT

Biofilm refers to the complex, sessile communities of microbes found either attached to a surface or buried firmly in an extracellular matrix as aggregates. Microbial flora which produces biofilm manifests an altered growth rate and transcribes genes that provide them resistance to antimicrobial and host immune systems. Biofilms protect the invading bacteria against the immune system of the host via impaired activation of phagocytes and the complement system. Biofilm-producing isolates showed greater multidrug resistance than non-biofilm producers. Biofilm causes antibiotic resistance through processes like chromosomally encoded resistant genes, restriction of antibiotics, reduction of growth rate, and host immunity. Biofilm formation is responsible for the development of superbugs like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and metallo-beta-lactamase producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Regular monitoring of antimicrobial resistance and maintaining hygiene, especially in hospitalized patients are required to control biofilm-related infections in order to prevent antimicrobial resistance.

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Most cited references 52

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Biofilms: an emergent form of bacterial life.

Hans-Curt Flemming, Jost Wingender, Ulrich Szewzyk … (2017)

Bacterial biofilms are formed by communities that are embedded in a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Importantly, bacteria in biofilms exhibit a set of 'emergent properties' that differ substantially from free-living bacterial cells. In this Review, we consider the fundamental role of the biofilm matrix in establishing the emergent properties of biofilms, describing how the characteristic features of biofilms - such as social cooperation, resource capture and enhanced survival of exposure to antimicrobials - all rely on the structural and functional properties of the matrix. Finally, we highlight the value of an ecological perspective in the study of the emergent properties of biofilms, which enables an appreciation of the ecological success of biofilms as habitat formers and, more generally, as a bacterial lifestyle.

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Bacteria and archaea on Earth and their abundance in biofilms

Hans-Curt Flemming, Stefan Wuertz (2019)

Biofilms are a form of collective life with emergent properties that confer many advantages on their inhabitants, and they represent a much higher level of organization than single cells do. However, to date, no global analysis on biofilm abundance exists. We offer a critical discussion of the definition of biofilms and compile current estimates of global cell numbers in major microbial habitats, mindful of the associated uncertainty. Most bacteria and archaea on Earth (1.2 × 1030 cells) exist in the 'big five' habitats: deep oceanic subsurface (4 × 1029), upper oceanic sediment (5 × 1028), deep continental subsurface (3 × 1029), soil (3 × 1029) and oceans (1 × 1029). The remaining habitats, including groundwater, the atmosphere, the ocean surface microlayer, humans, animals and the phyllosphere, account for fewer cells by orders of magnitude. Biofilms dominate in all habitats on the surface of the Earth, except in the oceans, accounting for ~80% of bacterial and archaeal cells. In the deep subsurface, however, they cannot always be distinguished from single sessile cells; we estimate that 20-80% of cells in the subsurface exist as biofilms. Hence, overall, 40-80% of cells on Earth reside in biofilms. We conclude that biofilms drive all biogeochemical processes and represent the main way of active bacterial and archaeal life.

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Antibiotics versus biofilm: an emerging battleground in microbial communities

Divakar Sharma, Lama Misba, Asad U Khan (2019)

Biofilm is a complex structure of microbiome having different bacterial colonies or single type of cells in a group; adhere to the surface. These cells are embedded in extracellular polymeric substances, a matrix which is generally composed of eDNA, proteins and polysaccharides, showed high resistance to antibiotics. It is one of the major causes of infection persistence especially in nosocomial settings through indwelling devices. Quorum sensing plays an important role in regulating the biofilm formation. There are many approaches being used to control infections by suppressing its formation but CRISPR-CAS (gene editing technique) and photo dynamic therapy (PDT) are proposed to be used as therapeutic approaches to subside bacterial biofim infections, especially caused by deadly drug resistant bad bugs.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc

Journal ID (publisher-id): J Nepal Med Assoc

Journal ID (publisher-id): JNMA

Title: JNMA: Journal of the Nepal Medical Association

Publisher: Journal of the Nepal Medical Association

ISSN (Print): 0028-2715

ISSN (Electronic): 1815-672X

Publication date (Print): September 2022

Publication date (Electronic): 30 September 2022

Volume: 60

Issue: 253

Pages: 836-840

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Microbiology, Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital , Sinamangal, Kathmandu, Nepal

[2 ]Department of Emergency Medicine, Grande International Hospital , Dhapasi, Kathmandu, Nepal

[3 ]School of Medical Sciences and The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales , Sydney, Australia

Author notes

Correspondence: Dr Khilasa Pokharel, Department of Microbiology, Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. Email: khilasapokharel1@ 123456gmail.com , Phone: +977-9841437466

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DOI: 10.31729/jnma.7580

PMC ID: 9794942

PubMed ID: 36705135

SO-VID: 9d102104-52cf-4bf8-9f93-f379e0b4756d

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This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Role of Biofilm in Bacterial Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance

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Most cited references 52

Biofilms: an emergent form of bacterial life.

Bacteria and archaea on Earth and their abundance in biofilms

Antibiotics versus biofilm: an emerging battleground in microbial communities

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