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      The promoter of a plant defensin gene directs specific expression in nematode-induced syncytia in Arabidopsis roots

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          Abstract

          The beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii induces a feeding site, called syncytium, in roots of host plants. In Arabidopsis, one of the genes whose expression is strongly induced in these structures is Pdf2.1 which codes for an antimicrobial plant defensin. Arabidopsis has 13 plant defensin genes. Besides Pdf2.1, the Pdf2.2 and Pdf2.3 genes were strongly expressed in syncytia and therefore the expression of all three Pdf genes was studied in detail. The promoter of the Pdf2.1 gene turned out to be an interesting candidate to drive a syncytium-specific expression of foreign genes as RT-PCR showed that apart from the feeding site it was only expressed in siliques (seeds). The Pdf2.2 and Pdf2.3 genes were in addition expressed in seedlings, roots, leaves, stems, and flowers. These results were supported by the analysis of promoter::GUS lines. After infection with H. schachtii all GUS lines showed a strong staining in syncytia at 5 and 15 dpi. This expression pattern was confirmed by in situ RT-PCR.

          Highlights

          ► 3 plant defensin genes are strongly expressed in syncytia. ► Pdf2.1 is expressed in syncytia and seeds. ► The Pdf2.1 promoter is useful for the expression of foreign genes in syncytia.

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          Defensins: antimicrobial peptides of innate immunity.

          Tomas Ganz (2003)
          The production of natural antibiotic peptides has emerged as an important mechanism of innate immunity in plants and animals. Defensins are diverse members of a large family of antimicrobial peptides, contributing to the antimicrobial action of granulocytes, mucosal host defence in the small intestine and epithelial host defence in the skin and elsewhere. This review, inspired by a spate of recent studies of defensins in human diseases and animal models, focuses on the biological function of defensins.
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            GENEVESTIGATOR. Arabidopsis microarray database and analysis toolbox.

            Philip Zimmermann, Matthias Hirsch-Hoffmann, Lars Hennig … (2004)
            High-throughput gene expression analysis has become a frequent and powerful research tool in biology. At present, however, few software applications have been developed for biologists to query large microarray gene expression databases using a Web-browser interface. We present GENEVESTIGATOR, a database and Web-browser data mining interface for Affymetrix GeneChip data. Users can query the database to retrieve the expression patterns of individual genes throughout chosen environmental conditions, growth stages, or organs. Reversely, mining tools allow users to identify genes specifically expressed during selected stresses, growth stages, or in particular organs. Using GENEVESTIGATOR, the gene expression profiles of more than 22,000 Arabidopsis genes can be obtained, including those of 10,600 currently uncharacterized genes. The objective of this software application is to direct gene functional discovery and design of new experiments by providing plant biologists with contextual information on the expression of genes. The database and analysis toolbox is available as a community resource at https://www.genevestigator.ethz.ch.
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              A gene expression map of the Arabidopsis root.

              Kenneth D. Birnbaum, Dennis Shasha, Jean Wang … (2003)
              A global map of gene expression within an organ can identify genes with coordinated expression in localized domains, thereby relating gene activity to cell fate and tissue specialization. Here, we present localization of expression of more than 22,000 genes in the Arabidopsis root. Gene expression was mapped to 15 different zones of the root that correspond to cell types and tissues at progressive developmental stages. Patterns of gene expression traverse traditional anatomical boundaries and show cassettes of hormonal response. Chromosomal clustering defined some coregulated genes. This expression map correlates groups of genes to specific cell fates and should serve to guide reverse genetics.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Plant Physiol Biochem
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Plant Physiol. Biochem
                Title: Plant Physiology and Biochemistry
                Publisher: Elsevier Science
                ISSN (Print): 0981-9428
                ISSN (Electronic): 1873-2690
                Publication date PMC-release: October 2011
                Publication date (Print): October 2011
                Volume: 49
                Issue: 10
                Pages: 1100-1107
                Affiliations
                [a ]Institute of Plant Protection, Department of Applied Plant Sciences and Plant Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
                [b ]Chair of Bioinformatics, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. Tel.: +43 1 47654 3360; fax: +43 1 47654 3359. holger.bohlmann@ 123456boku.ac.at
                [1]

                Current address: INRES, Department of Molecular Phytomedicine, University Bonn Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str.13, 53115 Bonn, Germany.

                Article
                Publisher ID: PLAPHY3188
                DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.07.005
                PMC ID: 3185291
                PubMed ID: 21813283
                SO-VID: 9cd7c2f9-48e1-416b-b166-7a61239c8a62
                Copyright © © 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS.
                License:

                This document may be redistributed and reused, subject to certain conditions.

                History
                Date received : 8 June 2011
                Date accepted : 11 July 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Plant science & Botany
                Keywords: syncytium,antimicrobial peptide,dpi, days post infection,arabidopsis,roots,plant defensin,heterodera schachtii
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Plant science & Botany
                Keywords: syncytium, antimicrobial peptide, dpi, days post infection, arabidopsis, roots, plant defensin, heterodera schachtii

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