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      Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Against Bacterial Biofilms: Perspectives and Limitations

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          Abstract

          At present, there is an urgent need in medicine and industry to develop new approaches to eliminate bacterial biofilms. Considering the low efficiency of classical approaches to biofilm eradication and the growing problem of antibiotic resistance, the introduction of nanomaterials may be a promising solution. Outstanding antimicrobial properties have been demonstrated by nanoparticles (NPs) of metal oxides and their nanocomposites. The review presents a comparative analysis of antibiofilm properties of various metal oxide NPs (primarily, CuO, Fe 3O 4, TiO 2, ZnO, MgO, and Al 2O 3 NPs) and nanocomposites, as well as mechanisms of their effect on plankton bacteria cells and biofilms. The potential mutagenicity of metal oxide NPs and safety problems of their wide application are also discussed.

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          The biofilm matrix.

          Hans-Curt Flemming, Jost Wingender (2010)
          The microorganisms in biofilms live in a self-produced matrix of hydrated extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) that form their immediate environment. EPS are mainly polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids and lipids; they provide the mechanical stability of biofilms, mediate their adhesion to surfaces and form a cohesive, three-dimensional polymer network that interconnects and transiently immobilizes biofilm cells. In addition, the biofilm matrix acts as an external digestive system by keeping extracellular enzymes close to the cells, enabling them to metabolize dissolved, colloidal and solid biopolymers. Here we describe the functions, properties and constituents of the EPS matrix that make biofilms the most successful forms of life on earth.
          Article 0 comments Cited 1414 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Review on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Antibacterial Activity and Toxicity Mechanism

            Amna Sirelkhatim, Shahrom Mahmud, Azman Seeni … (2015)
            Antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) has received significant interest worldwide particularly by the implementation of nanotechnology to synthesize particles in the nanometer region. Many microorganisms exist in the range from hundreds of nanometers to tens of micrometers. ZnO-NPs exhibit attractive antibacterial properties due to increased specific surface area as the reduced particle size leading to enhanced particle surface reactivity. ZnO is a bio-safe material that possesses photo-oxidizing and photocatalysis impacts on chemical and biological species. This review covered ZnO-NPs antibacterial activity including testing methods, impact of UV illumination, ZnO particle properties (size, concentration, morphology, and defects), particle surface modification, and minimum inhibitory concentration. Particular emphasize was given to bactericidal and bacteriostatic mechanisms with focus on generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), OH− (hydroxyl radicals), and O2 −2 (peroxide). ROS has been a major factor for several mechanisms including cell wall damage due to ZnO-localized interaction, enhanced membrane permeability, internalization of NPs due to loss of proton motive force and uptake of toxic dissolved zinc ions. These have led to mitochondria weakness, intracellular outflow, and release in gene expression of oxidative stress which caused eventual cell growth inhibition and cell death. In some cases, enhanced antibacterial activity can be attributed to surface defects on ZnO abrasive surface texture. One functional application of the ZnO antibacterial bioactivity was discussed in food packaging industry where ZnO-NPs are used as an antibacterial agent toward foodborne diseases. Proper incorporation of ZnO-NPs into packaging materials can cause interaction with foodborne pathogens, thereby releasing NPs onto food surface where they come in contact with bad bacteria and cause the bacterial death and/or inhibition.
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              Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections.

              J Costerton, P S Stewart, E Greenberg (1999)
              Bacteria that attach to surfaces aggregate in a hydrated polymeric matrix of their own synthesis to form biofilms. Formation of these sessile communities and their inherent resistance to antimicrobial agents are at the root of many persistent and chronic bacterial infections. Studies of biofilms have revealed differentiated, structured groups of cells with community properties. Recent advances in our understanding of the genetic and molecular basis of bacterial community behavior point to therapeutic targets that may provide a means for the control of biofilm infections.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Microorganisms
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Microorganisms
                Journal ID (publisher-id): microorganisms
                Title: Microorganisms
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2076-2607
                Publication date (Electronic): 07 October 2020
                Publication date Collection: October 2020
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 10
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1545
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Microbiology Lab of SCAMT Institute, ITMO University, Lomonosova st. 9, 191002 St. Petersburg, Russia; shkodenko@ 123456scamt-itmo.ru (L.S.); kassirovilya@ 123456gmail.com (I.K.)
                [2 ]Department of Epidemiology, Pasteur Institute, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: koshel@ 123456scamt-itmo.ru ; Tel.: +7-931-579-2993
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4978-8535
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4736-2183
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8957-5956
                Article
                Publisher ID: microorganisms-08-01545
                DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101545
                PMC ID: 7601517
                PubMed ID: 33036373
                SO-VID: 9bfede60-77fb-4aaa-8256-4d4e6f84d1c8
                Copyright © © 2020 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 12 September 2020
                Date accepted : 02 October 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: metal oxide nanoparticles,nanocomposites,biofilm,antibiofilm properties,antibacterial properties,mutagenicity
                Data availability:
                Keywords: metal oxide nanoparticles, nanocomposites, biofilm, antibiofilm properties, antibacterial properties, mutagenicity

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