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      Trade-offs between multifunctionality and profit in tropical smallholder landscapes

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      Nature Communications
      Nature Publishing Group UK
      Biodiversity, Conservation biology

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          Abstract

          Land-use transitions can enhance the livelihoods of smallholder farmers but potential economic-ecological trade-offs remain poorly understood. Here, we present an interdisciplinary study of the environmental, social and economic consequences of land-use transitions in a tropical smallholder landscape on Sumatra, Indonesia. We find widespread biodiversity-profit trade-offs resulting from land-use transitions from forest and agroforestry systems to rubber and oil palm monocultures, for 26,894 aboveground and belowground species and whole-ecosystem multidiversity. Despite variation between ecosystem functions, profit gains come at the expense of ecosystem multifunctionality, indicating far-reaching ecosystem deterioration. We identify landscape compositions that can mitigate trade-offs under optimal land-use allocation but also show that intensive monocultures always lead to higher profits. These findings suggest that, to reduce losses in biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, changes in economic incentive structures through well-designed policies are urgently needed.

          Abstract

          Identifying economic and ecological trade-offs of land-use transitions is important to ensure sustainability. Here, Grass et al. find biodiversity-profit trade-offs in tropical land-use transitions in Sumatra, and show that targeted landscape planning is needed to increase land-use efficiency while ensuring socio-ecological sustainability.

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          Most cited references45

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          Ecosystem service bundles for analyzing tradeoffs in diverse landscapes.

          A key challenge of ecosystem management is determining how to manage multiple ecosystem services across landscapes. Enhancing important provisioning ecosystem services, such as food and timber, often leads to tradeoffs between regulating and cultural ecosystem services, such as nutrient cycling, flood protection, and tourism. We developed a framework for analyzing the provision of multiple ecosystem services across landscapes and present an empirical demonstration of ecosystem service bundles, sets of services that appear together repeatedly. Ecosystem service bundles were identified by analyzing the spatial patterns of 12 ecosystem services in a mixed-use landscape consisting of 137 municipalities in Quebec, Canada. We identified six types of ecosystem service bundles and were able to link these bundles to areas on the landscape characterized by distinct social-ecological dynamics. Our results show landscape-scale tradeoffs between provisioning and almost all regulating and cultural ecosystem services, and they show that a greater diversity of ecosystem services is positively correlated with the provision of regulating ecosystem services. Ecosystem service-bundle analysis can identify areas on a landscape where ecosystem management has produced exceptionally desirable or undesirable sets of ecosystem services.
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            Agricultural expansion and its impacts on tropical nature.

            The human population is projected to reach 11 billion this century, with the greatest increases in tropical developing nations. This growth, in concert with rising per-capita consumption, will require large increases in food and biofuel production. How will these megatrends affect tropical terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity? We foresee (i) major expansion and intensification of tropical agriculture, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa and South America; (ii) continuing rapid loss and alteration of tropical old-growth forests, woodlands, and semi-arid environments; (iii) a pivotal role for new roadways in determining the spatial extent of agriculture; and (iv) intensified conflicts between food production and nature conservation. Key priorities are to improve technologies and policies that promote more ecologically efficient food production while optimizing the allocation of lands to conservation and agriculture. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              How Should Beta-Diversity Inform Biodiversity Conservation?

              To design robust protected area networks, accurately measure species losses, or understand the processes that maintain species diversity, conservation science must consider the organization of biodiversity in space. Central is beta-diversity--the component of regional diversity that accumulates from compositional differences between local species assemblages. We review how beta-diversity is impacted by human activities, including farming, selective logging, urbanization, species invasions, overhunting, and climate change. Beta-diversity increases, decreases, or remains unchanged by these impacts, depending on the balance of processes that cause species composition to become more different (biotic heterogenization) or more similar (biotic homogenization) between sites. While maintaining high beta-diversity is not always a desirable conservation outcome, understanding beta-diversity is essential for protecting regional diversity and can directly assist conservation planning.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                ingo.grass@uni-hohenheim.de
                Journal
                Nat Commun
                Nat Commun
                Nature Communications
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2041-1723
                4 March 2020
                4 March 2020
                2020
                : 11
                : 1186
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2290 1502, GRID grid.9464.f, Ecology of Tropical Agricultural Systems, , University of Hohenheim, ; Garbenstrasse 13, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2364 4210, GRID grid.7450.6, Agroecology, , University of Göttingen, ; Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2364 4210, GRID grid.7450.6, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, , University of Göttingen, ; Platz der Göttinger Sieben 5, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0000 0471 5346, GRID grid.435041.7, German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA), ; Neuer Jungfernstieg 21, 20354 Hamburg, Germany
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2289 885X, GRID grid.433436.5, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Carretera México-Veracruz Km. 45, ; El Batán, Mexico
                [6 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2364 4210, GRID grid.7450.6, Soil Science of Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems, , University of Göttingen, ; Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
                [7 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2364 4210, GRID grid.7450.6, Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), , University of Göttingen, ; Büsgenweg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
                [8 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2364 4210, GRID grid.7450.6, Chair of Statistics, Faculty of Economic Sciences, , University of Göttingen, ; Humboldtallee 3, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
                [9 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2364 4210, GRID grid.7450.6, Department of Animal Ecology, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, , University of Göttingen, ; Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
                [10 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2364 4210, GRID grid.7450.6, Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, , University of Göttingen, ; Büsgenweg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
                [11 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0726 5157, GRID grid.5734.5, Botanical Garden of the University of Bern, ; Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
                [12 ]GRID grid.442952.c, Magister of Environmental of Science, , University of Lampung, ; Lampung, 35145 Indonesia
                [13 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0408 3579, GRID grid.49481.30, School of Science, , University of Waikato, ; Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240 New Zealand
                [14 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2364 4210, GRID grid.7450.6, Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, , University of Göttingen, ; Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
                [15 ]GRID grid.421064.5, EcoNetLab, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, ; Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
                [16 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1939 2794, GRID grid.9613.d, EcoNetLab, , Friedrich Schiller University Jena, ; Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
                [17 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0698 0773, GRID grid.440754.6, Center for Transdisciplinary and Sustainability Sciences, , IPB University, Bogor Agricultural University, Jalan Pajajaran, ; Bogor, 16128 Indonesia
                [18 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2364 4210, GRID grid.7450.6, Department of Genomic and Applied Microbiology and Göttingen Genomics Laboratory, , University of Göttingen, ; Grisebachstr. 8, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
                [19 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2364 4210, GRID grid.7450.6, Human Geography, , University of Göttingen, ; Goldschmidtstr. 5, Göttingen, Germany
                [20 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2364 4210, GRID grid.7450.6, Forest Inventory and Remote Sensing, , University of Göttingen, ; Büsgenweg 5, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
                [21 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2153 9986, GRID grid.9764.c, Institute of Geography, , Kiel University, ; Ludewig-Meyn-Str. 14, 24118 Kiel, Germany
                [22 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2364 4210, GRID grid.7450.6, Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, , University of Göttingen, ; Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
                [23 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0698 0773, GRID grid.440754.6, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, , Bogor Agriculture University, Jln. Kamper, Kampus IPB Dramaga, ; Bogor, 16880 Indonesia
                [24 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2364 4210, GRID grid.7450.6, Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, , University of Göttingen, ; Büsgenweg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
                [25 ]GRID grid.421064.5, Experimental Interaction Ecology, , German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, ; Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
                [26 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2230 9752, GRID grid.9647.c, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, ; Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
                [27 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2364 4210, GRID grid.7450.6, Bioclimatology, , University of Göttingen, ; Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
                [28 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2364 4210, GRID grid.7450.6, Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, , University of Göttingen, ; Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
                [29 ]GRID grid.449728.4, Animal Biology Division, Institute of Biological Science, , University of the Philippines, ; Los Baños, 4031 Philippines
                [30 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2192 9124, GRID grid.4886.2, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, ; Leninsky Prospect 33, 119071 Moscow, Russia
                [31 ]GRID grid.444111.5, Agriculture Faculty, , Tadulako University, ; Jl. Soekarno Hatta km.09, Tondo, Palu Indonesia
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7788-1940
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2191-4736
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5162-9779
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6499-381X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9156-583X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8646-7925
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0307-6943
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2170-8775
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8728-1145
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7615-8870
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2283-5979
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8697-6394
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4143-0763
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9457-4459
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8318-8349
                Article
                15013
                10.1038/s41467-020-15013-5
                7055322
                32132531
                9bf72198-47a7-4f61-8350-c2ca5ae4aead
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 1 April 2019
                : 11 February 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100001659, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation);
                Award ID: 192626868
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
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                © The Author(s) 2020

                Uncategorized
                biodiversity,conservation biology
                Uncategorized
                biodiversity, conservation biology

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