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      Varroasis y mécanismos de defensa de la abeja melífera (Apis mellifera) Translated title: Varroasis and Defense (Apis mellifera) Mechanisms of Honey Bees

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          Abstract

          Resumen Antecedentes: La abeja melífera se encuentra amenazada por varios factores que provocan lo que hoy en día se conoce a nivel mundial como el Síndrome de Colapso de las colmenas, entre los cuales destaca la presencia del ácaro Varroa destructor. El objetivo de la reseña es actualizar la información sobre la Varroasis en Apis mellifera y de algunos mecanismos de defensa de las abejas en su coevolución con el parásito. Métodos: Se revisaron las bases de datos de Sciencedirect, Google-scholar, Scopus y NCBI con el empleo de las palabras claves: Varroa destructor, ciclo biológico, abejas, Apis, abejas africanizadas, apicultura y Apis mellifera. Se enfatizó en los artículos de los últimos cinco años. Resultados: Se describen las características del ácaro y su ciclo biológico, así como sus efectos sobre las colonias de abejas y los factores que influyen en la prevalencia del parásito. Además, se refieren los mecanismos como el comportamiento higiénico, acicalamiento, supresión de la reproducción del ácaro. Se actualiza sobre el impacto de la Varroasis a nivel mundial. Conclusiones: Ciertas poblaciones de abejas logran convivir con el ácaro varroa, pues sus mecanismos de defensa les permiten mantener tasas de infestación en rangos permisibles. En la actualidad existe la tendencia a incluir estos mecanismos en planes de mejoramiento.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Background: Honey bees are threatened by acaride Varroa destructor, which among other factors, causes what is known today in the world as Colony Collapse Disorder. The aim of this review is to publish updated information of Varroasis in Apis mellifera, as well as to study some defense mechanisms of bees during their co-evolution with the parasite. Methods: The databases of Sciencedirect, Google-scholar, Scopus, and NCBI were reviewed under the following key words: Varroa destructor, biological cycle, bees, Apis, Africanized bees, apiculture, and Apis mellifera. Special emphasis was paid to papers published within the last five years. Results: The features of the acaride and its biological cycle, its effects on bee colonies, and the factors that favor the presence of the parasite were described. Moreover, mechanisms like hygienic behavior, grooming, and suppression of acaride reproduction. The impact of Varroasis worldwide was updated. Conclusions: Certain bee populations manage to live with acaride varroa, because their defense mechanisms allow for infestation rates at permissible ranges. The current trend is to include these mechanisms in breeding programs.

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          Biology and control of Varroa destructor.

          The ectoparasitic honey bee mite Varroa destructor was originally confined to the Eastern honey bee Apis cerana. After a shift to the new host Apis mellifera during the first half of the last century, the parasite dispersed world wide and is currently considered the major threat for apiculture. The damage caused by Varroosis is thought to be a crucial driver for the periodical colony losses in Europe and the USA and regular Varroa treatments are essential in these countries. Therefore, Varroa research not only deals with a fascinating host-parasite relationship but also has a responsibility to find sustainable solutions for the beekeeping. This review provides a survey of the current knowledge in the main fields of Varroa research including the biology of the mite, damage to the host, host tolerance, tolerance breeding and Varroa treatment. We first present a general view on the functional morphology and on the biology of the Varroa mite with special emphasis on host-parasite interactions during reproduction of the female mite. The pathology section describes host damage at the individual and colony level including the problem of transmission of secondary infections by the mite. Knowledge of both the biology and the pathology of Varroa mites is essential for understanding possible tolerance mechanisms in the honey bee host. We comment on the few examples of natural tolerance in A. mellifera and evaluate recent approaches to the selection of Varroa tolerant honey bees. Finally, an extensive listing and critical evaluation of chemical and biological methods of Varroa treatments is given. This compilation of present-day knowledge on Varroa honey bee interactions emphasizes that we are still far from a solution for Varroa infestation and that, therefore, further research on mite biology, tolerance breeding, and Varroa treatment is urgently needed. Copyright 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            Emerging and re-emerging viruses of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.)

            Until the late 1980s, specific viral infections of the honey bee were generally considered harmless in all countries. Then, with the worldwide introduction of the ectoparasite mite Varroa destructor, beekeepers encountered increasing difficulties in maintaining their colonies. Epidemiological surveys and laboratory experiments have demonstrated that the newly acquired virulence of several viruses belonging to the family Dicistroviridae (acute bee paralysis virus, Kashmir bee virus and Israeli acute paralysis virus) in Europe and the USA had been observed in relation with V. destructor acting as a disseminator of these viruses between and within bee colonies and as an activator of virus multiplication in the infected individuals: bee larvae and adults. Equal emphasis is given to deformed wing virus (DWV) belonging to the Iflaviridae. Overt outbreaks of DWV infections have been shown to be linked to the ability of V. destructor to act not only as a mechanical vector of DWV but also as a biological vector. Its replication in mites prior to its vectoring into pupae seemed to be necessary and sufficient for the induction of a overt infection in pupae developing in non-viable bees with deformed wings. DWV in V. destructor infested colonies is now considered as one of the key players of the final collapse. Various approaches for combating bee viral diseases are described: they include selection of tolerant bees, RNA interference and prevention of new pathogen introduction. None of these approaches are expected to lead to enhanced bee-health in the short term.
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              Drivers of colony losses

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rpa
                Revista de Producción Animal
                Rev. prod. anim.
                Ediciones Universidad de Camagüey (Camagüey, , Cuba )
                2224-7920
                December 2019
                : 31
                : 3
                : 76-87
                Affiliations
                [1] Camagüey orgnameCentro de Estudios para el Desarrollo de la Producción Animal orgdiv1Universidad de Camagüey “Ignacio Agramonte Loynaz” Cuba
                [2] Chimborazo orgnameFacultad de Ciencias Pecuarias orgdiv1Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo Ecuador
                [3] Camagüey orgnameUniversidad de Camagüey “Ignacio Agramonte Loynaz” orgdiv1Departamento de Morfofisiología Cuba
                Article
                S2224-79202019000300076 S2224-7920(19)03100300076
                9bab0740-6e0d-4b00-b4df-009f8852c840

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 26 March 2019
                : 08 February 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 73, Pages: 12
                Product

                SciELO Cuba

                Categories
                Acuicultura

                Varroa,apiculture,apicultura,Apis,Africanized bees,abejas africanizadas

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