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      Affected cortico-striatal-cerebellar network in schizophrenia with catatonia revealed by magnetic resonance imaging: indications for electroconvulsive therapy and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

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          Abstract

          Catatonia is a psychomotor syndrome that can occur in a broad spectrum of brain disorders, including schizophrenia. Current findings suggest that the neurobiological process underlying catatonia symptoms in schizophrenia is poorly understood. However, emerging neuroimaging studies in catatonia patients have indicated that a disruption in anatomical connectivity of the cortico-striatal-cerebellar system is part of the neurobiology of catatonia, which could serve as a target of neurostimulation such as electroconvulsive therapy and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.

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          Emotional processing in anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex.

          Amit Etkin, Tobias Egner, Raffael Kalisch (2011)
          Negative emotional stimuli activate a broad network of brain regions, including the medial prefrontal (mPFC) and anterior cingulate (ACC) cortices. An early influential view dichotomized these regions into dorsal-caudal cognitive and ventral-rostral affective subdivisions. In this review, we examine a wealth of recent research on negative emotions in animals and humans, using the example of fear or anxiety, and conclude that, contrary to the traditional dichotomy, both subdivisions make key contributions to emotional processing. Specifically, dorsal-caudal regions of the ACC and mPFC are involved in appraisal and expression of negative emotion, whereas ventral-rostral portions of the ACC and mPFC have a regulatory role with respect to limbic regions involved in generating emotional responses. Moreover, this new framework is broadly consistent with emerging data on other negative and positive emotions. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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            Frontal-subcortical circuits and human behavior.

            J L Cummings (1993)
            This synthetic review was performed to demonstrate the utility of frontal-subcortical circuits in the explanation of a wide range of human behavioral disorders. Reports of patients with degenerative disorders or focal lesions involving frontal lobe or linked subcortical structures were chosen from the English literature. Individual case reports and group investigations from peer-reviewed journals were evaluated. Studies were included if they described patient behavior in detail or reported pertinent neuropsy-chological findings and had compelling evidence of a disorder affecting frontal-subcortical circuits. Information was used if the report from which it was taken met study selection criteria. Five parallel segregated circuits link the frontal lobe and subcortical structures. Clinical syndromes observed with frontal lobe injury are recapitulated with lesions of subcortical member structures of the circuits. Each prefrontal circuit has a signature behavioral syndrome: executive function deficits occur with lesions of the dorsolateral prefrontal circuit, disinhibition with lesions of the orbitofrontal circuit, and apathy with injury to the anterior cingulate circuit. Depression, mania, and obsessive-compulsive disorder may also be mediated by frontal-subcotical circuits. Movement disorders identify involvement of the basal ganglia component of frontal-subcortical circuits. Frontal-subcortical circuits mediate many aspects of human behavior.
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              About "axial" and "radial" diffusivities.

              Claudia Wheeler-Kingshott, Mara Cercignani (2009)
              This article presents the potential problems arising from the use of "axial" and "radial" diffusivities, derived from the eigenvalues of the diffusion tensor, and their interpretation in terms of the underlying biophysical properties, such as myelin and axonal density. Simulated and in vivo data are shown. The simulations demonstrate that a change in "radial" diffusivity can cause a fictitious change in "axial" diffusivity and vice versa in voxels characterized by crossing fibers. The in vivo data compare the direction of the principle eigenvector in four different subjects, two healthy and two affected by multiple sclerosis, and show that the angle, alpha, between the principal eigenvectors of corresponding voxels of registered datasets is greater than 45 degrees in areas of low anisotropy, severe pathology, and partial volume. Also, there are areas of white matter pathology where the "radial" diffusivity is 10% greater than that of the corresponding normal tissue and where the direction of the principal eigenvector is altered by more than 45 degrees compared to the healthy case. This should strongly discourage researchers from interpreting changes of the "axial" and "radial" diffusivities on the basis of the underlying tissue structure, unless accompanied by a thorough investigation of their mathematical and geometrical properties in each dataset studied. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Xiao-Fan Liu:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0812-5468
                Role: Writing - original draft
                Shu-Wan Zhao: Role: Writing - review & editing
                Zachary Kratochvil: Role: Supervision
                Jia-Cheng Jiang: Role: Writing - review & editing
                Di Cui: Role: Writing - review & editing
                Lu Wang: Role: Writing - review & editing
                Jing-Wen Fan: Role: Writing - review & editing
                Yue-Wen Gu: Role: Writing - review & editing
                Hong Yin: Role: Writing - review & editing
                Jin-Jin Cui: Role: Writing - review & editing
                Xiao Chang: Role: Funding acquisitionRole: Writing - original draft
                Long-Biao Cui:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0784-181X
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Writing - original draft
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Psychoradiology
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Psychoradiology
                Journal ID (publisher-id): psyrad
                Title: Psychoradiology
                Publisher: Oxford University Press
                ISSN (Electronic): 2634-4416
                Publication date Collection: 2023
                Publication date (Electronic): 19 October 2023
                Publication date PMC-release: 19 October 2023
                Volume: 3
                Electronic Location Identifier: kkad019
                Affiliations
                Department of Radiology, Xi'an Gaoxin Hospital , Xi'an 710075, China
                Schizophrenia Imaging Lab, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an 710032, China
                Schizophrenia Imaging Lab, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an 710032, China
                Composable Analytics , Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
                Department of Radiology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing 100853, China
                Schizophrenia Imaging Lab, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an 710032, China
                Schizophrenia Imaging Lab, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an 710032, China
                Schizophrenia Imaging Lab, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an 710032, China
                Schizophrenia Imaging Lab, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an 710032, China
                Department of Radiology, Xi'an People's Hospital , Xi'an 710004, China
                Department of Radiology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing 100853, China
                Institute of Science and Technology for Brain Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
                Schizophrenia Imaging Lab, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an 710032, China
                Department of Radiology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing 100853, China
                Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinic Genetics, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an 710032, China
                Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710061, China
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Jin-Jin Cui, cui.jin.happy@ 123456163.com
                Correspondence: Xiao Chang, xchang@ 123456fudan.edu.cn
                Correspondence: Long-Biao Cui, lbcui@ 123456fmmu.edu.cn
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0812-5468
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0784-181X
                Article
                Publisher ID: kkad019
                DOI: 10.1093/psyrad/kkad019
                PMC ID: 10917379
                PubMed ID: 38666113
                SO-VID: 9a9cb127-2e9d-46fa-8e7b-196d863d7e4c
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of West China School of Medicine/West China Hospital (WCSM/WCH) of Sichuan University.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 10 May 2023
                Date revision received : 11 September 2023
                Date accepted : 27 September 2023
                Date: 17 November 2023
                Page count
                Pages: 5
                Funding
                Funded by: Fourth Military Medical University, DOI 10.13039/501100007547;
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China, DOI 10.13039/501100001809;
                Award ID: 82271949
                Categories
                Subject: Perspective
                Subject: AcademicSubjects/MED00385
                Subject: AcademicSubjects/MED00800
                Subject: AcademicSubjects/MED00870
                Subject: AcademicSubjects/SCI01870
                Subject: AcademicSubjects/SCI02100

                Keywords: catatonia,schizophrenia,magnetic resonance imaging,neurostimulation
                Data availability:
                Keywords: catatonia, schizophrenia, magnetic resonance imaging, neurostimulation

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