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      Protective effect of N-acetylcysteine against cisplatin ototoxicity in rats: a study with hearing tests and scanning electron microscopy Translated title: Efeito protetor da N-acetilcisteína na ototoxicidade por cisplatina em ratos: um estudo com testes auditivos e microscopia eletrônica de varredura

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          Ototoxicity is a health problem appearing after powerful treatments in serious health conditions. It is sometimes inevitable when treatment of the serious disease is required. Cisplatin is an antineoplastic agent which was investigated previously to reveal increased nitrogen and reactive oxygen radicals that damages hair cells, resulting in ototoxicity. N-acetylcysteine, previously shown to decrease ototoxicity caused by different agents, is known to be a powerful in vitro antioxidant. Probably N-acetylcysteine, in addition to its antioxidant effect, blocks a cascade where reactive oxygen species result in apoptosis in the cochlea.

          Objectives

          The possible preventive effect of N-acetylcysteine in cisplatin ototoxicity was studied with auditory brain stem responses, otoacoustic emissions, and histopathological investigation of the cochlea in a scanning electron microscopy.

          Methods

          This study was conducted on 21 Wistar Albino rats in four groups. 1 mL/kg/day three times in total intraperitoneal (i.p.) Saline ( n = 5), 500 mg/kg/day i.p. three times in total N-acetylcysteine ( n = 5), i.p. 15 mg/kg cisplatin alone (single dose) ( n = 5) and i.p. 15 mg/kg cisplatin plus 500 mg/kg/day N-acetylcysteine ( n = 6) were administered. The rats were anesthetized to study the hearing tests before and after the experiment. The rats were sacrificed to investigate the cochleas by scanning electron microscopy.

          Results

          Auditory brain stem responses and otoacoustic emissions values were attenuated in the cisplatin group. The group that received N-acetylcysteine in addition to cisplatin had better auditory brain stem responses thresholds and otoacoustic emissions. The samples obtained from the cisplatin group showed surface irregularities, degeneration areas, and total or partial severe stereocilia losses. The changes were milder in the cisplatin + N-acetylcysteine group.

          Conclusion

          Cisplatin ototoxicity can be detected by auditory brain stem responses and otoacoustic emissions testing in rats. N-acetylcysteine may protect the cochlear cells from histopathological changes. We concluded that N-acetylcysteine given 4 h after cisplatin injection has a potential otoprotective effect against cisplatin ototoxicity. which suggests it could be used in clinical trials.

          Resumo

          Introdução

          A ototoxicidade é um problema que pode ocorrer após certos tipos de tratamentos para condições graves de saúde. Às vezes é inevitável quando o tratamento da doença é necessário. A cisplatina é um agente antineoplásico cujo uso em pesquisas anteriores demonstrou aumentar os radicais livres de nitrogênio e espécies reativas de oxigênio que danificam as células ciliadas e resultam em ototoxicidade. Por outro lado, a N-acetilcisteína, que já demonstrou diminuir a ototoxicidade causada por diferentes agentes, é conhecida por ser um potente antioxidante in vitro. Provavelmente a N-acetilcisteína, além de seu efeito antioxidante, bloqueia uma cascata onde espécies reativas de oxigênio resultam em apoptose na cóclea.

          Objetivos

          Estudar o possível efeito preventivo da N-acetilcisteína na ototoxicidade por cisplatina por meio de potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico, emissões otoacústicas e investigação histopatológica da cóclea por microscopia eletrônica de varredura.

          Método

          Este estudo foi realizado em 21 ratos albinos Wistar, separados em quatro grupos. Foram administrados: 1 mL/kg/dia intraperitoneal (i.p.) de solução salina (n = 5), três vezes no total; 500 mg/kg/dia i.p. de N-acetilcisteína (n = 5), três vezes no total; 15 mg/kg i.p. (dose única) somente de cisplatina (n = 5) e 15 mg/kg i.p. de cisplatina e 500 mg/kg/dia i.p. de N-acetilcisteína (n = 6). Os ratos foram anestesiados para estudo dos testes auditivos antes e depois do experimento. Os ratos foram sacrificados para investigação da cóclea por microscopia eletrônica de varredura.

          Resultados

          Os potenciais evocados auditivos de tronco encefálico e os valores das emissões otoacústicas estavam atenuados no grupo cisplatina. O grupo que recebeu N-acetilcisteína além da cisplatina apresentou melhores limiares de respostas auditivas do tronco encefálico e emissões otoacústicas. As amostras obtidas do grupo cisplatina apresentaram irregularidades de superfície, áreas de degeneração, com perdas graves totais ou parciais de estereocílios. As alterações foram mais leves no grupo cisplatina + N-acetilcisteína.

          Conclusão

          A ototoxicidade por cisplatina pode ser detectada por meio de potenciais evocados auditivos de tronco encefálico e pelo teste de emissões otoacústicas em ratos. A N-acetilcisteína pode proteger as células cocleares contra alterações histopatológicas. Concluímos que a N-acetilcisteína administrada 4 horas após a injeção de cisplatina tem potencial efeito otoprotetor contra a ototoxicidade por cisplatina e pode ser utilizada em ensaios clínicos.

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          Most cited references32

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Cisplatin ototoxicity and protection: clinical and experimental studies.

          Cisplatin is a chemotherapeutic agent that is widely used to treat a variety of malignant tumors. Serious dose-limiting side effects like ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity occur with the use of this agent. This review summarizes recent important clinical and experimental investigations of cisplatin ototoxicity. It also discusses the utility of protective agents employed in patients and in experimental animals. The future strategies for limiting cisplatin ototoxicity will need to avoid interference with the therapeutic effect of cisplatin in order to enhance the quality of life of patients receiving this important anti-tumor agent.
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            • Article: not found

            Ototoxicity.

            This paper reviews intriguing recent findings on the mechanisms of drug induced hearing loss caused by two major classes of therapeutic agents: the aminoglycoside antibiotics and cisplatin. Both drug categories are nephrotoxic as well as ototoxic. Aminoglycosides and cisplatin target the outer hair cells in the basal turn of the cochlea to cause high frequency sensorineural hearing loss in a substantial percentage of patients treated with these drugs. Each group of agents appears to generate reactive oxygen species within the cochlea that trigger downstream mechanisms leading to cell death. Various protective agents including antioxidants show promise in protecting the inner ear from damage in experimental animals. The only successful double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial using a protective agent to prevent ototoxicity was carried out in China. Aspirin or placebo was given in combination with gentamicin. A significant decrease in hearing loss was observed. Successful clinical implementation of protective agents will require a cautious approach, so that the therapeutic effect of the anti-infective agent or anti-neoplastic drug is not attenuated. This may require novel methods of administration of protective agents, such as injection within the middle ear. This would provide a maximal dose of protective agent without systemic interference with the desired effect of the ototoxic agent.
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              The cochlear targets of cisplatin: an electrophysiological and morphological time-sequence study.

              Cisplatin ototoxicity has at least three major targets in the cochlea: the stria vascularis, the organ of Corti, and the spiral ganglion. This study aims to differentiate between these three targets. In particular, we address the question of whether the effects at the level of the organ of Corti and spiral ganglion are mutually dependent or whether they develop in parallel. This question was approached by studying the ototoxic effects while they develop electrophysiologically and comparing these to earlier presented histological data [Van Ruijven et al., 2004. Hear. Res. 197, 44-54]. Guinea pigs were treated with intraperitoneal injections of cisplatin at a dose of 2 mg/kg/day for either 4, 6, or 8 consecutive days. This time sequence has not revealed any evidence of one ototoxic process triggering another. Therefore, we have to stay with the conclusion of Van Ruijven et al. (2004) that both processes run in parallel.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Braz J Otorhinolaryngol
                Braz J Otorhinolaryngol
                Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
                Elsevier
                1808-8694
                1808-8686
                14 September 2018
                Jan-Feb 2020
                14 September 2018
                : 86
                : 1
                : 30-37
                Affiliations
                [a ]Erciyes University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kayseri, Turkey
                [b ]Erciyes University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kayseri, Turkey
                [c ]Erciyes University, School of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Kayseri, Turkey
                [d ]Patnos State Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ağrı, Turkey
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. somdas@ 123456erciyes.edu.tr
                Article
                S1808-8694(18)30622-0
                10.1016/j.bjorl.2018.08.002
                9422681
                30268784
                997ef5a3-26ca-474b-8123-6c7a2606a244
                © 2018 Associação Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia Cérvico-Facial. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 14 April 2018
                : 14 August 2018
                Categories
                Original Article

                cisplatin,electron microscopy,hearing tests,n-acetylcysteine,ototoxicity,cisplatina,microscópio eletrônico,testes de audição,ototoxicidade

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