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      Human Hydatidosis/Echinococosis in North Eastern Iran from 2003–2012

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          Abstract

          Background:

          Human cystic echinococcosis (hydatidosis) continues to be an essential cause of morbidity and mortality in many parts of the world.

          Methods:

          We studied hydatid cyst pattern in hospitalized adult patients from 2003 to 2012 in Mashhad and Neyshabour, northeast of Iran.

          Results:

          Overall, 1342 patients, 711 females (53%) and 631 males (47%) diagnosed as infected with hydatid cyst were evaluated. Their age was between 1 and 91 yr (mean age 37.75). The most affected age group was 20–30 yr old. Totally, 953 cases (71%) were urban and 375 cases (27.8%) were rural residents. The most common localization of cysts was the liver and lung. The housewives were the most frequently infected occupations.

          Conclusion:

          The rate of infection with hydatid cyst is high in Mashhad, northeast of Iran, and the incidence of human hydatidosis tends to increase in recent years so control and prevention programs are recommended.

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          Most cited references13

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          Prevention and control of cystic echinococcosis.

          Philip Craig, Donald McManus, Marshall Lightowlers … (2007)
          Human cystic echinococcosis (hydatid disease) continues to be a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality in many parts of the world. Elimination is difficult to obtain and it is estimated that, using current control options, achieving such a goal will take around 20 years of sustained efforts. Since the introduction of current (and past) hydatid control campaigns, there have been clear technological improvements made in the diagnosis and treatment of human and animal cystic echinococcosis, the diagnosis of canine echinococcosis, and the genetic characterisation of strains and vaccination against Echinococcus granulosus in animals. Incorporation of these new measures could increase the efficiency of hydatid control programmes, potentially reducing the time required to achieve effective prevention of disease transmission to as little as 5-10 years.
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            Human cystic echinococcosis: epidemiologic, zoonotic, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects.

            Shyamapada Mandal, Manisha Deb Mandal (2012)
            This review represents an updated scenario on the transmission cycle, epidemiology, clinical features and pathogenicity, diagnosis and treatment, and prevention and control measures of a cestode parasite Echincoccus granulosus (E. granulosus) infection causing cystic echinococcosis (CE) in humans. Human CE is a serious life-threatening neglected zoonotic disease that occurs in both developing and developed countries, and is recognized as a major public health problem. The life cycle of E. granulosus involves a definitive host (dogs and other canids) for the adult E. granulosus that resides in the intestine, and an intermediate host (sheep and other herbivores) for the tissue-invading metacestode (larval) stage. Humans are only incidentally infected; since the completion of the life cycle of E. granulosus depends on carnivores feeding on herbivores bearing hydatid cysts with viable protoscoleces, humans represent usually the dead end for the parasite. On ingestion of E. granulosus eggs, hydatid cysts are formed mostly in liver and lungs, and occasionally in other organs of human body, which are considered as uncommon sites of localization of hydatid cysts. The diagnosis of extrahepatic echinococcal disease is more accurate today because of the availability of new imaging techniques, and the current treatments include surgery and percutaneous drainage, and chemotherapy (albendazole and mebendazole). But, the wild animals that involve in sylvatic cycle may overlap and interact with the domestic sheep-dog cycle, and thus complicating the control efforts. The updated facts and phenomena regarding human and animal CE presented herein are due to the web search of SCI and non-SCI journals. Copyright © 2012 Hainan Medical College. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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              Unusual Locations of the Hydatid Cyst: A Review from Iran

              Bita Geramizadeh (2013)
              Hydatid disease is caused by Echinococcus granulosus and is endemic in many parts of the world, including Iran. This parasitic tapeworm can produce cysts in almost every organ of the body, with the liver and lung being the most frequently targeted organs. However, the cyst tends to appear in different and sometimes unusual body sites in various geographical areas of the world. This review provides information on the reported cases of the unusual body sites of the hydatid cyst from Iran in the last 20 years. A literature search was performed through PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, IranMedex, Society Information Display (SID), Magiran, and Irandoc using the keywords of “hydatid cyst and Iran” and “Echinococcus granulosus and Iran”, and 463 published cases of the hydatid cyst in unusual body sites from Iran were reviewed, evaluated, and discussed. The most common locations were the central nervous system (brain, spinal cord, and orbit), musculoskeletal system, heart, and kidney, while some less common locations were the spleen, pancreas, appendix, thyroid, salivary gland, adrenal gland, breast, and ovary.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Iran J Parasitol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Iran J Parasitol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): IJPA
                Journal ID (pmc): IJPA
                Title: Iranian Journal of Parasitology
                Publisher: Tehran University of Medical Sciences
                ISSN (Print): 1735-7020
                ISSN (Electronic): 2008-238X
                Publication date (Print): Oct-Dec 2015
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 658-662
                Affiliations
                [1. ]Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
                [2. ]Dept. of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
                Author notes
                [* ] Correspondence: Email: fberenji@ 123456yahoo.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijpa-658
                PMC ID: 4724845
                SO-VID: 99297d58-f937-48c9-b7e2-5797f0d2a12f
                Copyright © Copyright© Iranian Society of Parasitology & Tehran University of Medical Sciences
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License which allows users to read, copy, distribute and make derivative works for non-commercial purposes from the material, as long as the author of the original work is cited properly.

                History
                Date received : 16 February 2015
                Date accepted : 18 August 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Short Communication

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology
                Keywords: hydatid cyst,echinococcus granulosus,hydatidosis,iran
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology
                Keywords: hydatid cyst, echinococcus granulosus, hydatidosis, iran

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