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      Applications of PLA in Modern Medicine

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          Abstract

          Polylactic acid (PLA) is a versatile biopolymer. PLA is synthesized with ease from abundant renewable resources and is biodegradable. PLA has shown promise as a biomaterial in a plethora of healthcare applications such as tissue engineering or regenerative medicine, cardiovascular implants, dental niches, drug carriers, orthopedic interventions, cancer therapy, skin and tendon healing, and lastly medical tools / equipment. PLA has demonstrated instrumental importance as a three-dimensionally (3D) printable biopolymer, which has further been bolstered by its role during the Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (Covid-19) global pandemic. As an abundant filament, PLA has created desperately needed personal protective equipment (PPE) and ventilator modifications. As polymer chemistry continues to advance, so too will the applications and continued efficacy of PLA-based modalities.

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          Physical and mechanical properties of PLA, and their functions in widespread applications - A comprehensive review.

          Shady Farah, Daniel Anderson, Robert S. Langer (2016)
          Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), so far, is the most extensively researched and utilized biodegradable aliphatic polyester in human history. Due to its merits, PLA is a leading biomaterial for numerous applications in medicine as well as in industry replacing conventional petrochemical-based polymers. The main purpose of this review is to elaborate the mechanical and physical properties that affect its stability, processability, degradation, PLA-other polymers immiscibility, aging and recyclability, and therefore its potential suitability to fulfill specific application requirements. This review also summarizes variations in these properties during PLA processing (i.e. thermal degradation and recyclability), biodegradation, packaging and sterilization, and aging (i.e. weathering and hygrothermal). In addition, we discuss up-to-date strategies for PLA properties improvements including components and plasticizer blending, nucleation agent addition, and PLA modifications and nanoformulations. Incorporating better understanding of the role of these properties with available improvement strategies is the key for successful utilization of PLA and its copolymers/composites/blends to maximize their fit with worldwide application needs.
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            Poly(lactic acid) modifications

            Rahul M. Rasal, Amol Janorkar, Douglas E. Hirt (2010)
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              Preclinical development and clinical translation of a PSMA-targeted docetaxel nanoparticle with a differentiated pharmacological profile.

              Jeffrey Hrkach, Daniel Von Hoff, Mir Mukkaram Ali … (2012)
              We describe the development and clinical translation of a targeted polymeric nanoparticle (TNP) containing the chemotherapeutic docetaxel (DTXL) for the treatment of patients with solid tumors. DTXL-TNP is targeted to prostate-specific membrane antigen, a clinically validated tumor antigen expressed on prostate cancer cells and on the neovasculature of most nonprostate solid tumors. DTXL-TNP was developed from a combinatorial library of more than 100 TNP formulations varying with respect to particle size, targeting ligand density, surface hydrophilicity, drug loading, and drug release properties. Pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution studies in rats showed that the NPs had a blood circulation half-life of about 20 hours and minimal liver accumulation. In tumor-bearing mice, DTXL-TNP exhibited markedly enhanced tumor accumulation at 12 hours and prolonged tumor growth suppression compared to a solvent-based DTXL formulation (sb-DTXL). In tumor-bearing mice, rats, and nonhuman primates, DTXL-TNP displayed pharmacokinetic characteristics consistent with prolonged circulation of NPs in the vascular compartment and controlled release of DTXL, with total DTXL plasma concentrations remaining at least 100-fold higher than sb-DTXL for more than 24 hours. Finally, initial clinical data in patients with advanced solid tumors indicated that DTXL-TNP displays a pharmacological profile differentiated from sb-DTXL, including pharmacokinetics characteristics consistent with preclinical data and cases of tumor shrinkage at doses below the sb-DTXL dose typically used in the clinic.
              Article 0 comments Cited 237 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Engineered Regeneration
                Publisher: The Authors. Publishing Services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd.
                ISSN (Print): 2666-1381
                ISSN (Electronic): 2666-1381
                Publication date PMC-release: 6 September 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 6 September 2020
                Affiliations
                [0001]Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author.
                Article
                Publisher ID: S2666-1381(20)30009-8
                DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2020.08.002
                PMC ID: 7474829
                PubMed ID: 38620328
                SO-VID: 98fc9fce-b4e8-4607-ac58-59868678370e
                Copyright © © 2020 The Authors. Publishing Services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 26 April 2020
                Date revision received : 16 August 2020
                Date accepted : 17 August 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: polylactic acid,polymers,tissue engineering,cardiovascular,drug carriers,dental,orthopedics,cancer therapy,skin/tendon healing,surgical tools
                Data availability:
                Keywords: polylactic acid, polymers, tissue engineering, cardiovascular, drug carriers, dental, orthopedics, cancer therapy, skin/tendon healing, surgical tools

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