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      Materials for Hip Prostheses: A Review of Wear and Loading Considerations

      review-article
      , *
      Materials
      MDPI
      biomaterials, ceramic, friction, hip, implants, polyethylene, prosthesis, simulator, wear

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          Abstract

          Replacement surgery of hip joint consists of the substitution of the joint with an implant able to recreate the articulation functionality. This article aims to review the current state of the art of the biomaterials used for hip implants. Hip implants can be realized with different combination of materials, such as metals, ceramics and polymers. In this review, we analyze, from international literature, the specific characteristics required for biomaterials used in hip joint arthroplasty, i.e., being biocompatible, resisting heavy stress, opposing low frictional forces to sliding and having a low wear rate. A commentary on the evolution and actual existing hip prostheses is proposed. We analyzed the scientific literature, collecting information on the material behavior and the human-body response to it. Particular attention has been given to the tribological behavior of the biomaterials, as friction and wear have been key aspects to improve as hip implants evolve. After more than 50 years of evolution, in term of designs and materials, the actual wear rate of the most common implants is low, allowing us to sensibly reduce the risk related to the widespread debris distribution in the human body.

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          Stabilized zirconia as a structural ceramic: an overview.

          This review introduces concepts and background from the ceramics engineering literature regarding metastable zirconia ceramics to establish a context for understanding current and emerging zirconia-based dental ceramics.
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            What future for zirconia as a biomaterial?

            The failure events of Prozyr femoral heads in 2001-2002 have opened a strong, controversial issue on the future of zirconia as a biomaterial. The aim of this paper is to review and analyze the current knowledge on ageing process and on its effect on the long term performance of implants in order to distinguish between scientific facts and speculation. Current state of the art shows the strong variability of zirconia to in vivo degradation, as a consequence of the strong influence of processing on ageing process. As different zirconia from different vendors have different process related microstructure, there is a need to assess their ageing sensitivity with advanced and accurate techniques, and ISO standards should be modified, especially to gain confidence from clinicians. There is a trend today to develop alumina-zirconia composites as an alternative to monolithic alumina and zirconia: the issue of ageing is also discussed for these composites.
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              Future clinical and economic impact of revision total hip and knee arthroplasty.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Materials (Basel)
                Materials (Basel)
                materials
                Materials
                MDPI
                1996-1944
                05 February 2019
                February 2019
                : 12
                : 3
                : 495
                Affiliations
                Laboratorio di Tecnologia Medica, IRCCS—Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano, 1/10 40136 Bologna, Italy; merola@ 123456tecno.ior.it
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: affatato@ 123456tecno.ior.it ; Tel.: +39-051-6366864; Fax: +39-051-6366863
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3615-6085
                Article
                materials-12-00495
                10.3390/ma12030495
                6384837
                30764574
                98ed311d-9370-45d8-87ae-3f212939b342
                © 2019 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 11 January 2019
                : 31 January 2019
                Categories
                Review

                biomaterials,ceramic,friction,hip,implants,polyethylene,prosthesis,simulator,wear

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