Risk Assessment for Birds and Mammals

There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

Abstract

Related collections

Most cited references 25

Record: found
Abstract: found
Book: not found

An Introduction to the Bootstrap

Bradley Efron, R.J. Tibshirani (1994)

Statistics is a subject of many uses and surprisingly few effective practitioners. The traditional road to statistical knowledge is blocked, for most, by a formidable wall of mathematics. The approach in An Introduction to the Bootstrap avoids that wall. It arms scientists and engineers, as well as statisticians, with the computational techniques they need to analyze and understand complicated data sets.

0 comments Cited 3191 times – based on 0 reviews

Bookmark

Record: found
Abstract: not found
Article: not found

Estimation of Insect Biomass by Length and Width

Richard Greer, Robert C. Whitmore, Bradley E. Sample … (1993)

0 comments Cited 60 times – based on 0 reviews      Review now

Bookmark

Record: found
Abstract: found
Article: not found

Application and validation of approaches for the predictive hazard assessment of realistic pesticide mixtures.

L Grimme, Michael Faust, Barbara Junghans … (2006)

In freshwater systems located in agricultural areas, organisms are exposed to a multitude of toxicologically and structurally different pesticides. For regulatory purposes it is of major importance whether the combined hazard of these substances can be predictively assessed from the single substance toxicity. For artificially designed multi-component mixtures, it has been shown that the mixture toxicity can be predicted by concentration addition (CA) in case of similarly acting substances and by independent action (IA), if mixtures are composed of dissimilarly acting substances. This study aimed to analyse whether these concepts may also be used to predictively assess the toxicity of environmentally realistic mixtures. For this purpose a mixture of 25 pesticides, which reflects a realistic exposure scenario in field run-off water, was studied for its effects on the reproduction of the freshwater alga Scenedesmus vacuolatus. The toxicity of the tested mixtures showed a good predictability by CA. This is consistent with the finding that the toxicity was dominated by a group of similarly acting photosystem II inhibitors, although the mixture included substances with diverse and partly unknown mechanisms of action. IA slightly underestimated the actual mixture toxicity. However, the EC(50) values that can be derived from each prediction, according to CA respectively IA, only differed by a factor of 1.3. The finding of such a small difference is partly explainable by the fact that only few components dominate the mixture scenario in terms of so-called toxic units (TUs). This connection is established by developing an equation that allows to calculate the maximum possible ratio between corresponding predictions of effect concentrations by IA and CA for any given ratio of the TUs of mixture components, irrespective of their individual concentration-response functions and independent from their mechanisms of action. To evaluate whether small quantitative differences between EC(50) values predicted by CA and IA are an exception or rather the rule for agricultural exposure scenarios, this calculation was applied on an additional set of 18 pesticide exposure scenarios that were taken from the literature. For these scenarios, EC(50) values predicted by IA can never exceed those predicted by CA by more than a factor of 2.5. The findings of this study support the view that CA provides a precautious but not overprotective approach to the predictive hazard assessment of pesticide mixtures under realistic exposure scenarios, irrespective of the similarity or dissimilarity of their mechanisms of action.

0 comments Cited 53 times – based on 0 reviews      Review now

Bookmark

All references

Author and article information

Journal

Title: EFSA Journal

Abbreviated Title: EFSA Journal

Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell

ISSN: 18314732

Publication date Created: December 2009

Publication date (Print): December 2009

Volume: 7

Issue: 12

Page: 1438

Article

DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1438

SO-VID: 98bf8642-aaec-4447-a45c-7370d9cf45ad

License:

http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1

History

Data availability:

Comments

Comment on this article

scite_

Smart Citations

Citing PublicationsSupportingMentioningContrasting

View Citations

See how this article has been cited at scite.ai

scite shows how a scientific paper has been cited by providing the context of the citation, a classification describing whether it supports, mentions, or contrasts the cited claim, and a label indicating in which section the citation was made.