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      What is well-being? A scoping review of the conceptual and operational definitions of occupational well-being

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          Abstract

          Well-being is a multifaceted construct that is used across disciplines to portray a state of wellness, health, and happiness. While aspects of well-being seem universal, how it is depicted in the literature has substantial variation. The aim of this scoping review was to identify conceptual and operational definitions of well-being within the field of occupational health. Broad search terms were used related to well-being and scale/assessment. Inclusion criteria were (1) peer-reviewed articles, (2) published in English, (3) included a measure of well-being in the methods and results section of the article, and (4) empirical paper. The searches resulted in 4394 articles, 3733 articles were excluded by reading the abstract, 661 articles received a full review, and 273 articles were excluded after a full review, leaving 388 articles that met our inclusion criteria and were used to extract well-being assessment information. Many studies did not define well-being or link their conceptual definition to the operational assessment tool being used. There were 158 assessments of well-being represented across studies. Results highlight the lack of a consistent definitions of well-being and standardized measurements.

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          Most cited references128

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          The Satisfaction With Life Scale.

          This article reports the development and validation of a scale to measure global life satisfaction, the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). Among the various components of subjective well-being, the SWLS is narrowly focused to assess global life satisfaction and does not tap related constructs such as positive affect or loneliness. The SWLS is shown to have favorable psychometric properties, including high internal consistency and high temporal reliability. Scores on the SWLS correlate moderately to highly with other measures of subjective well-being, and correlate predictably with specific personality characteristics. It is noted that the SWLS is Suited for use with different age groups, and other potential uses of the scale are discussed.
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            The hospital anxiety and depression scale.

            A self-assessment scale has been developed and found to be a reliable instrument for detecting states of depression and anxiety in the setting of an hospital medical outpatient clinic. The anxiety and depressive subscales are also valid measures of severity of the emotional disorder. It is suggested that the introduction of the scales into general hospital practice would facilitate the large task of detection and management of emotional disorder in patients under investigation and treatment in medical and surgical departments.
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              Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC).

              Resilience may be viewed as a measure of stress coping ability and, as such, could be an important target of treatment in anxiety, depression, and stress reactions. We describe a new rating scale to assess resilience. The Connor-Davidson Resilience scale (CD-RISC) comprises of 25 items, each rated on a 5-point scale (0-4), with higher scores reflecting greater resilience. The scale was administered to subjects in the following groups: community sample, primary care outpatients, general psychiatric outpatients, clinical trial of generalized anxiety disorder, and two clinical trials of PTSD. The reliability, validity, and factor analytic structure of the scale were evaluated, and reference scores for study samples were calculated. Sensitivity to treatment effects was examined in subjects from the PTSD clinical trials. The scale demonstrated good psychometric properties and factor analysis yielded five factors. A repeated measures ANOVA showed that an increase in CD-RISC score was associated with greater improvement during treatment. Improvement in CD-RISC score was noted in proportion to overall clinical global improvement, with greatest increase noted in subjects with the highest global improvement and deterioration in CD-RISC score in those with minimal or no global improvement. The CD-RISC has sound psychometric properties and distinguishes between those with greater and lesser resilience. The scale demonstrates that resilience is modifiable and can improve with treatment, with greater improvement corresponding to higher levels of global improvement. Copyright 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Clin Transl Sci
                J Clin Transl Sci
                CTS
                Journal of Clinical and Translational Science
                Cambridge University Press (Cambridge, UK )
                2059-8661
                2023
                16 October 2023
                : 7
                : 1
                : e227
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Northern Arizona University , Flagstaff, AZ, USA
                [ 2 ] University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, NY, USA
                [ 3 ] National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences , Bethesda, MD, USA
                [ 4 ] University of Texas , Austin, OK, USA
                [ 5 ] University of Miami School of Medicine , Miami, FL, USA
                [ 6 ] Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY, USA
                [ 7 ] University of North Carolina School of Medicine , St. Chapel Hill, NC, USA
                [ 8 ] Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
                [ 9 ] New York University Langone Health , New York, NY, USA
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: T. Bautista, PhD; Email: tara.bautista@ 123456nau.edu
                [†]

                These two authors contributed equally to this work and shared first authorship

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6514-7685
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4306-1586
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2967-4493
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8393-9501
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0457-4717
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5482-0440
                Article
                S2059866123006489
                10.1017/cts.2023.648
                10643923
                38028344
                98827889-e3e8-4fcf-a974-819e1de54563
                © The Author(s) 2023

                This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.

                History
                : 18 May 2023
                : 26 September 2023
                : 03 October 2023
                Page count
                Tables: 1, References: 130, Pages: 12
                Categories
                Review Article
                Translational Research, Design and Analysis
                Well-Being in Clinical and Translational Science

                well-being,occupational health,workforce,assessment,review
                well-being, occupational health, workforce, assessment, review

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