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      Cell phones and male infertility: a review of recent innovations in technology and consequences

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          Abstract

          Cell phones have become a vital part of everyday life. However, the health risks associated with their usage are often overlooked. Recently, evidence from several studies supports a growing claim that cell phone usage may have a detrimental effect on sperm parameters leading to decreased male fertility. Nonetheless, other studies showed no conclusive link between male infertility and cell phone usage. The ambiguity of such results is attributed to the lack of a centralized assay for measuring inflicted damage caused by cell phones. Study design, ethics, and reproducibility are all aspects which must be standardized before any conclusions can be made.

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          Most cited references114

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          Studies and perspectives of protein kinase C.

          Protein kinase C, an enzyme that is activated by the receptor-mediated hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids, relays information in the form of a variety of extracellular signals across the membrane to regulate many Ca2+-dependent processes. At an early phase of cellular responses, the enzyme appears to have a dual effect, providing positive forward as well as negative feedback controls over various steps of its own and other signaling pathways, such as the receptors that are coupled to inositol phospholipid hydrolysis and those of some growth factors. In biological systems, a positive signal is frequently followed by immediate negative feedback regulation. Such a novel role of this protein kinase system seems to give a logical basis for clarifying the biochemical mechanism of signal transduction, and to add a new dimension essential to our understanding of cell-to-cell communication.
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            Significance of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in the generation of oxidative stress in spermatozoa.

            Male infertility has been linked with the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by defective spermatozoa. However, the subcellular origins of this activity are unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the importance of sperm mitochondria in creating the oxidative stress associated with defective sperm function. Intracellular measurement of mitochondrial ROS generation and lipid peroxidation was performed using the fluorescent probes MitoSOX red and BODIPY C(11) in conjunction with flow cytometry. Effects on sperm movement were measured by computer-assisted sperm analysis. Disruption of mitochondrial electron transport flow in human spermatozoa resulted in generation of ROS from complex I (rotenone sensitive) or III (myxothiazol, antimycin A sensitive) via mechanisms that were independent of mitochondrial membrane potential. Activation of ROS generation at complex III led to the rapid release of hydrogen peroxide into the extracellular space, but no detectable peroxidative damage. Conversely, the induction of ROS on the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane at complex I resulted in peroxidative damage to the midpiece and a loss of sperm movement that could be prevented by the concomitant presence of alpha-tocopherol. Defective human spermatozoa spontaneously generated mitochondrial ROS in a manner that was negatively correlated with motility. Simultaneous measurement of general cellular ROS generation with dihydroethidium indicated that 68% of the variability in such measurements could be explained by differences in mitochondrial ROS production. We conclude that the sperm mitochondria make a significant contribution to the oxidative stress experienced by defective human spermatozoa.
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              Effects of ELF Fields on Calcium-Ion Efflux from Brain Tissue in Vitro

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ibju
                International braz j urol
                Int. braz j urol.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Urologia (Rio de Janeiro )
                1677-6119
                August 2011
                : 37
                : 4
                : 432-454
                Article
                S1677-55382011000400002
                10.1590/S1677-55382011000400002
                9826171d-f575-46b2-ad42-3a0ec295049a

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1677-5538&lng=en
                Categories
                UROLOGY & NEPHROLOGY

                Urology
                male,infertility,spermatozoa,cellular phone,radiation
                Urology
                male, infertility, spermatozoa, cellular phone, radiation

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