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      • Record: found
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      Beneficial effects of the olive oil phenolic components oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol: focus on protection against cardiovascular and metabolic diseases

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          Abstract

          The overall health beneficial action of olive oil phenolic components is well established. Recent studies have elucidated the biological effects of two isolated compounds, namely oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol, with particular attention on their antioxidant activity. Thus, a protective action has been demonstrated in preclinical studies against several diseases, especially cardiovascular and metabolic disorders.

          The present review will describe the biological effects of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol, with particular attention on the molecular mechanism underlying the protective action on cardiovascular and metabolic alterations, as demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo experimental studies performed with the isolated compounds.

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          Endoplasmic reticulum stress in liver disease.

          Harmeet Malhi, Randal Kaufman (2011)
          The unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated upon the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that are sensed by the binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP)/glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78). The accumulation of unfolded proteins sequesters BiP so it dissociates from three ER-transmembrane transducers leading to their activation. These transducers are inositol requiring (IRE) 1α, PKR-like ER kinase (PERK), and activating transcription factor (ATF) 6α. PERK phosphorylates eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α) resulting in global mRNA translation attenuation, and concurrently selectively increases the translation of several mRNAs, including the transcription factor ATF4, and its downstream target CHOP. IRE1α has kinase and endoribonuclease (RNase) activities. IRE1α autophosphorylation activates the RNase activity to splice XBP1 mRNA, to produce the active transcription factor sXBP1. IRE1α activation also recruits and activates the stress kinase JNK. ATF6α transits to the Golgi compartment where it is cleaved by intramembrane proteolysis to generate a soluble active transcription factor. These UPR pathways act in concert to increase ER content, expand the ER protein folding capacity, degrade misfolded proteins, and reduce the load of new proteins entering the ER. All of these are geared toward adaptation to resolve the protein folding defect. Faced with persistent ER stress, adaptation starts to fail and apoptosis occurs, possibly mediated through calcium perturbations, reactive oxygen species, and the proapoptotic transcription factor CHOP. The UPR is activated in several liver diseases; including obesity associated fatty liver disease, viral hepatitis, and alcohol-induced liver injury, all of which are associated with steatosis, raising the possibility that ER stress-dependent alteration in lipid homeostasis is the mechanism that underlies the steatosis. Hepatocyte apoptosis is a pathogenic event in several liver diseases, and may be linked to unresolved ER stress. If this is true, restoration of ER homeostasis prior to ER stress-induced cell death may provide a therapeutic rationale in these diseases. Herein we discuss each branch of the UPR and how they may impact hepatocyte function in different pathologic states. Copyright © 2010 European Association for the Study of the Liver. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
          Article 0 comments Cited 383 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Olive oil and red wine antioxidant polyphenols inhibit endothelial activation: antiatherogenic properties of Mediterranean diet phytochemicals.

            Raffaele De Caterina, Luisa Siculella, Francesco Visioli … (2003)
            Epidemiology suggests that Mediterranean diets are associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Because monocyte adhesion to the endothelium is crucial in early atherogenesis, we evaluated whether typical olive oil and red wine polyphenols affect endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule expression and monocyte adhesion. Phytochemicals in olive oil and red wine, including oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, elenolic acid, and resveratrol, with or without antioxidant activity, were incubated with human umbilical vein endothelial cells for 30 minutes, followed by co-incubation with bacterial lipopolysaccharide or cytokines to trigger adhesion molecule expression. At nutritionally relevant concentrations, only oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, and resveratrol, possessing a marked antioxidant activity, reduced monocytoid cell adhesion to stimulated endothelium, as well as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) mRNA and protein by Northern analysis and cell surface enzyme immunoassay. Reporter gene assays with deletional VCAM-1 promoter constructs indicated the relevance of nuclear factor-kappaB, activator protein-1, and possibly GATA binding sites in mediating VCAM-1 transcriptional inhibition. The involvement of nuclear factor-kappaB and activator protein-1 was finally demonstrated at electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Olive oil and red wine antioxidant polyphenols at nutritionally relevant concentrations transcriptionally inhibit endothelial adhesion molecule expression, thus partially explaining atheroprotection from Mediterranean diets.
            Article 0 comments Cited 141 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              The phenolic compounds of olive oil: structure, biological activity and beneficial effects on human health.

              E. Tripoli, Marco Giammanco, Carlos M Guardia … (2005)
              The Mediterranean diet is rich in vegetables, cereals, fruit, fish, milk, wine and olive oil and has salutary biological functions. Epidemiological studies have shown a lower incidence of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases and certain kinds of cancer in the Mediterranean area. Olive oil is the main source of fat, and the Mediterranean diet's healthy effects can in particular be attributed not only to the high relationship between unsaturated and saturated fatty acids in olive oil but also to the antioxidant property of its phenolic compounds. The main phenolic compounds, hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein, which give extra-virgin olive oil its bitter, pungent taste, have powerful antioxidant activity both in vivo and in vitro. The present review focuses on recent works analysing the relationship between the structure of olive oil polyphenolic compounds and their antioxidant activity. These compounds' possible beneficial effects are due to their antioxidant activity, which is related to the development of atherosclerosis and cancer, and to anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity.
              Article 0 comments Cited 138 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Stefania Bulotta
                Marilena Celano
                Saverio Massimo Lepore
                Tiziana Montalcini
                Arturo Pujia
                Diego Russo
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Transl Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Transl Med
                Title: Journal of Translational Medicine
                Publisher: BioMed Central
                ISSN (Electronic): 1479-5876
                Publication date Collection: 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 3 August 2014
                Volume: 12
                Page: 219
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Campus “S. Venuta”, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy
                [2 ]Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Campus “S. Venuta”, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy
                Article
                Publisher ID: s12967-014-0219-9
                DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0219-9
                PMC ID: 4237885
                PubMed ID: 25086598
                SO-VID: 97a86796-2999-4103-a536-a9d0c85bcdd8
                Copyright © Copyright © 2014 Bulotta et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                Date received : 3 June 2014
                Date accepted : 22 July 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: oleuropein,hydroxytyrosol,virgin olive oil,phenols,antioxidant,cardiovascular disease,diabetes mellitus
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, virgin olive oil, phenols, antioxidant, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus

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