Four New Genera and Five New Species of Lecanicephalideans (Cestoda: Lecanicephalidea) From Elasmobranchs in the Gulf of California, Mexico

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Abstract

A total of 53 spiral intestines from 3 species of rays collected in the Gulf of California, Baja, Mexico, was examined for cestodes of the order Lecanicephalidea. Four new genera and 5 new species were discovered as a result of this study. These are Aberrapex senticosus n. gen., n. sp., from Myliobatis californica, Paraberrapex manifestus n. gen., n. sp., from Squatina californica and Healyum harenamica n. gen., n. sp., Healyum pulvis n. sp. and Quadcuspibothrium francisi n. gen., n. sp., from Mobula japanica. Aberrapex n. gen. and Paraberrapex n. gen. can be distinguished from all other lecanicephalidean genera based on the lack of an apical structure (pars apicalis) on their scolex. Aberrapex n. gen. can be distinguished from Paraberrapex n. gen. based on the presence of an external seminal vesicle, a vagina positioned lateral rather than medial in the proglottid, and an ovary that is tetralobed rather than bilobed in cross section. Healyum n. gen. and Quadcuspibothrium n. gen. are unique among lecanicephalidean genera, including Aberrapex n. gen. and Paraberrapex n. gen., in their possession of a trilobed ovary in cross section. Quadcuspibothrium n. gen. can be distinguished from Healyum n. gen. based on its unique shape of the acetabula, which are diamond-shaped. The 2 species of Healyum n. gen. can be distinguished from one another based on the dimensions and the shape of the scolex, the diameter of the suckerlike acetabula, as well as the shape of the spiniform microtriches on the acetabular rims. Discobothrium arrhynchum is transferred to the genus Aberrapex n. gen. and the original description of this species is emended to include details of the vas deferens and the uterine duct and uterus. The microtrich patterns of the 5 new species and Aberrapex arrhynchum n. comb. are described. These are the first records of tapeworms of the Lecanicephalidea from the Gulf of California. Squatina californica and Mobula japanica represent new host records for lecanicephalidean tapeworms. The ordinal diagnosis of the Lecanicephalidea by Euzet (1994) is emended to include these 4 new genera.

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On the phylogenetic relationships among tetraphyllidean, lecanicephalidean and diphyllidean tapeworm genera.

J. Caira, K. Jensen, C. J. Healy (1999)

This study had two main objectives: (1) to construct an extensive, explicit list of characters and character states that might serve as a starting point, and perhaps even a model, for the compilation of a more complete list of characters for all cestode taxa; and (2) to use this character list to generate a hypothesis of the phylogenetic relationships among species representing most of the tetraphyllidean, lecanicephalidean and diphyllidean genera. Specimens of one species in each of 48 genera of tetraphyllideans, eight genera of lecanicephalideans, the three genera of diphyllideans, two genera of proteocephalideans and two genera of trypanorhynchs, were examined as whole-mounts and sections, with light and scanning electron microscopy. A list of 120 morphological characters was compiled. Four phylogenetic analyses were conducted using PAUP* and/or NONA. The first was a comprehensive analysis with the 56 tetraphyllidean and lecanicephalidean species as ingroups and the remaining seven species as outgroups. The second was an analysis of the three diphyllidean species as ingroups and the two proteocephalidean and the two trypanorhynch species as outgroups. The third was an analysis of the eight lecanicephalidean species and the "tetraphyllideans" Echeneibothrium sp. and Pseudanthobothrium n. sp. as ingroups and an outgroup consisting of the seven species used as outgroups in the first analysis. In the fourth analysis, the ingroup consisted of the 14 hooked tetraphyllideans (onchobothriids), and the outgroup consisted of the seven species used as outgroups in the first analysis. The results of these analyses support the following phylogenetic hypotheses: The diphyllideans are monophyletic and Echinobothrium n. sp. and Macrobothridium sp. are more closely related to one another than either is to Ditrachybothridium macrocephalum. The tetraphyllideans, lecanicephalideans and proteocephalideans are more closely related to each other than they are to the diphyllideans or the trypanorhynchs. The ordinal status of the lecanicephalideans is dubious. The lecanicephalidean species are more closely related to some of the tetraphyllidean taxa than these tetraphyllidean taxa are to the remainder of the tetraphyllidean taxa. The proteocephalideans appear to belong within the tetraphyllidean clade. The "tetraphyllidean" species Echeneibothrium sp. and Pseudanthobothrium n. sp. are members of the lecanicephalidean clade. The position of "Discobothrium" n. sp. within the lecanicephalideans is dubious. Within the tetraphyllideans, the non-acetabulate species Litobothrium daileyi, Disculiceps galapagoensis and Cathetocephalus sp. are the most basal members of the group. The family Onchobothriidae is monophyletic, as it is currently defined. Within the onchobothriids, the uniloculate species are basal to the multiloculate species; the species with unipronged hooks are basal to the species with multipronged hooks. Although relationships among the phyllobothriids, as they are currently defined, remain poorly resolved, the family Phyllobothriidae is not monophyletic. These results suggest that some aspects of the classification of the lecanicephalidean and tetraphyllidean taxa require revision. However, such revision should be based on further analyses including a broader representation of the genera and species in these groups.

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FOUR NEW SPECIES OFACANTHOBOTHRIUM(CESTODA: TETRAPHYLLIDEA) FROM THE WHIPTAIL STINGRAYDASYATIS BREVISIN THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA, MEXICO

Sohini Ghoshroy, J. Caira (2001)

Examination of the spiral intestines of 29 whiptail stingrays, Dasyatis brevis, from 6 sites in the Gulf of California, Mexico in 1993 and 1996 resulted in the discovery of 4 new species of Acanthobothrium: Acanthobothrium bullardi, Acanthobothrium dasi, Acanthobothrium rajivi, and Acanthobothrium soberoni. This brings the total number of species of Acanthobothrium known from the eastern Pacific Ocean to 34. With 22 additional species reported from elasmobranchs from the western Atlantic Ocean, and over 100 species globally, the number of interspecific comparisons required to justify the designation of a new species is rather unwieldy. To facilitate these and future comparisons, and in the absence of a phylogenetic hypothesis for this genus, the 56 species of Acanthobothrium from these 2 geographic regions were categorized for 4 characters: total length ( 15 mm), number of segments ( 50 segments), number of testes ( 80), and symmetry of poral and aporal ovarian lobes. These 56 taxa and their categories are presented in tabular form. Based on these characters, A. bullardi, A. dasi, and A. rajivi are category 2 species (they are relatively small, possess few segments, relatively few testes, and exhibit asymmetrical ovaries); A. soberoni is a category 6 species (it is a relatively longer worm with a larger number of segments, but with fewer testes and an asymmetrical ovary). All 4 species differ from 1 another and from species in other geographic regions in further subtleties of these 4 characters as well as hook size and relative length of hook prongs, cirrus sac size, genital pore position, number of columns of testes anterior to the cirrus sac, and number of postvaginal testes. Five specimens that appear to represent a new species of Acanthobothroides were also collected. This species is figured and some details of the morphology are described, but the material was considered to be insufficient to allow for formal description of this species at this time. This is the first record of either of these genera of onchobothriid tapeworms from the Gulf of California.

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Analysis of Calliobothrium (Tetraphyllidea: Onchobothriidae) with Descriptions of Three New Species and Erection of a New Genus

J. Caira, L Euzet, C. Nasin (1997)

Examination of voucher or type material, or both, of 9 of the 10 currently recognized species of Calliobothrium resulted in redescriptions of C. evani, C. lintoni, and C. pellucidum, and emendations of the descriptions of C. eschrichti and C. leuckarti. New collections of Calliobothrium from the spiral intestines of Mustelus spp. led to the discovery of 3 new species: Calliobothrium hayhowi n. sp. from Mustelus antarcticus in Australia, Calliobothrium riseri n sp. from Mustelus henlei in the Sea of Cortéz, México, and Calliobothrium violae n. sp. from Mustelus canis in the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean. New collections of C. evani from the Sea of Cortéz established Mustelus lunulatus as a host for this species. Six species of Calliobothrium were examined with scanning electron microscopy. A cladistic analysis was performed on 12 of the 13 species of Calliobothrium recognized after the descriptions of the new taxa, using 34 characters and 4 outgroup taxa. This analysis yielded a single most parsimonious tree with a consistency index of 0.68. This tree suggests that Calliobothrium is monophyletic only when the biloculated species Calliobothrium pritchardae is excluded from the genus. The new genus Biloculuncus is erected to house C. pritchardae so that the monophyly of Calliobothrium can be maintained. A key to the species of onchobothriids bearing 2 pairs of hooks per bothridium is presented.

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Author and article information

Journal

Title: Journal of Parasitology

Abbreviated Title: Journal of Parasitology

Publisher: American Society of Parasitologists

ISSN (Print): 0022-3395

ISSN (Electronic): 1937-2345

Publication date Created: August 2001

Publication date (Print): August 2001

Volume: 87

Issue: 4

Pages: 845-861

Article

DOI: 10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[0845:FNGAFN]2.0.CO;2

PubMed ID: 11534651

SO-VID: 9787aed9-4fbd-4c86-a83c-c08da1ef5ce6

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Four New Genera and Five New Species of Lecanicephalideans (Cestoda: Lecanicephalidea) From Elasmobranchs in the Gulf of California, Mexico

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On the phylogenetic relationships among tetraphyllidean, lecanicephalidean and diphyllidean tapeworm genera.

FOUR NEW SPECIES OFACANTHOBOTHRIUM(CESTODA: TETRAPHYLLIDEA) FROM THE WHIPTAIL STINGRAYDASYATIS BREVISIN THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA, MEXICO

Analysis of Calliobothrium (Tetraphyllidea: Onchobothriidae) with Descriptions of Three New Species and Erection of a New Genus

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