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      La vasectomía: estudio de 300 intervenciones. Revisión de la literatura nacional y de sus complicaciones Translated title: The vasectomy: a study of 300 operations. A review of its adverse effects and of national literature

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          Abstract

          OBJETIVOS: Los objetivos que nos hemos marcado en este trabajo son: 1. Estudiar la demanda e indicaciones de vasectomía en el área 12 de la Comunidad Valenciana. 2. Analizar las complicaciones de nuestra serie y los factores de riesgo previsibles. 3. Revisar las complicaciones de las series nacionales. 4. Revisar las complicaciones referidas en las publicaciones internacionales. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Se realiza un estudio retrospectivo de 300 pacientes sometidos a vasectomía durante el periodo de tiempo comprendido entre enero de 1992 y diciembre de 2000. Se revisaron todas las historias clínicas evaluando 10 variables preestablecidas: edad, número de hijos, indicación, método contraceptivo utilizado pre-vasectomía, fecha de intervención, tipo anestesia, anatomía patológica, seminogramas de control, complicaciones, y posibles causas de las complicaciones (factores de riesgo). Se realiza el estudio estadístico básico con ayuda de una base de datos de Microsoft Access y para la interpretación estadística de las distintas variables se utilizó una tabla de Excel. RESULTADOS: La demanda de atención contraceptiva (vasectomía) constituye la 8ª causa de consulta externa urológica y la 4ª de cirugía urológica local ambulatoria en nuestra área. Durante este periodo se realizaron 300 intervenciones de vasectomía. La edad media de los pacientes fue de 37,5 años (rango entre 23-51). El número de hijos osciló entre un mínimo de 1 y un máximo de 7, con un promedio de 2,41 hijos/paciente. Las indicaciones de la vasectomía fueron: planificación familiar voluntaria (86%), enfermedades medicas de la mujer que contraindicaban la gestación (9%), consejo genético (4,33%), y problema socio-sanitario (0,66%). Los métodos contraceptivos utilizados por las parejas previamente a la vasectomía se conocían en el 71,63% de los pacientes. Los más utilizados fueron: el DIU (49,74%) y el preservativo (25,88%). Se presentaron complicaciones en 30 pacientes (10%); de ellas en 29 pacientes fueron leves (9,66%), siendo las más frecuentes: 12 orquiepididimitis (4%), 5 granulomas espermáticos (1,66%), 3 orquialgias crónicas "síndrome del testículo doloroso", (1%), 2 hematomas escrotales (0,66%) y 2 hemorragias de herida (0,66%). Se presentó una complicación grave por impétigo escrotal estafilocócico con posterior sepsis estafilocócica (0,33%). De todas las complicaciones sólo 1 caso requirió hospitalización (impétigo-sepsis) y 1 caso cirugía debido a granuloma espermático. No hubo embarazos no deseados ni demandas judiciales postvasectomía. La azoospermia definida al principio del estudio con 1 seminograma sin espermatozoides y en la actualidad con 2 seminogramas sin espermatozoides con una diferencia entre ellos de 15 días ó 30 días, se logró en el 81% de pacientes entre los 45 y 60 días post-vasectomía. CONCLUSIONES: La vasectomía es un método seguro y simple para conseguir la esterilidad del varón. Es la intervención urológica más practicada en España. La técnica no está exenta de complicaciones (tasa de 0-18%), y su gravedad varía, desde la simple equimosis, hasta la gangrena genital de Fournier, la endocarditis o la sepsis. En la información pre-vasectomía el facultativo incurre en negligencia si no informa al paciente de la posibilidad, remota pero existente, de recanalización espontánea de los deferentes, con recuperación de la fertilidad (fallo de la vasectomía). La información post-vasectomía, sobre prolongar la utilización del método contraceptivo habitual hasta confirmar la esterilidad y el seguimiento del paciente hasta la azoospermia demostrada con 2 espermiogramas, es fundamental para el urólogo si no quiere verse envuelto en problemas legales.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIVES: The aims of this paper are: 1. To study the demand and reasons why of the vasectomy in area 12 of Valencian Community. 2. To analyse the adverse effects of our series and the predictable risk factors. 3. To review the adverse effects in the national series. 4. To review the adverse effects referred to in international publications. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A restrospective study was made of 300 patients who had submitted themselves to a vasectomy between january 1992 and december 2000. All the clinical dossiers were reviewed according to 10 pre-established variables. age, number of offspring, reasons why, pre-vasectomy anticontraceptives, date of operation, type of anaesthesia used, pathologic anatomy, semen analysis after vasectomy, adverse effects and their possible causes (risk factors). The basic statistic study was done using a data base of Microsoft Access and the interpretations of the different variables using a table of Excel. RESULTS: The demand for contraceptive attention (vasectomy) is the 8th cause for external urological consulting and the 4th for urological local ambulatory surgery of our area. 300 operations were done during that period. The average age of the patients was 37.5 years old (ranging from 25 to 51). The number of offspring ranged from 1 to 7, with a promedia of 2.41 children/patient. The reasons why were: voluntary family planning (86%), medical illnesses of the female which contraindicated gestation (9%), genetic reasons (4.33%) and social-sanitary problems (0.66%). Contraceptive methods used by 71.63% are known: The widestused method being IUD (49.74%) and the preservative (25.88%). 30 patients (10%) had adverse effects, 29 patients having light adverse effects. The most frequent were: 12 orchiepididymitis (4%), 5 spermatic granulomas (1.66%), 3 chronic scrotal pain (1%), 2 scrotal haematoma (0.66%) and 2 bleeding (0.66%). There was one serious complications and of all the cases mentionned above only one needed hospitalization (impetigo-sepsis) and another needed surgery due to a spermatic granuloma. There were no pregnancies or post-vasectomy court cases. 81% of the patients had been declared azoospermic within 45 to 60 days after the vasectomy in one or two consecutive semen analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The vasectomy is a safe and simple way for male sterilization. It´s the most widely done urologic operation in Spain. The technique isn´t extent of adverse effects (0 to 18%) and its seriousness varies from a simple ecchymosis to Fournier´s gangrene, endocarditis or sepsis. A doctor would be considered negligent if he/she didn’t inform the patient about the remote possibility of a spontaneous recanalisation of the vas deferens leading to renewed fertility (failure of the vasectomy). It is imperative to give post-vasectomy information where the patient must continue using his habitual anticonceptive method until the azoospermia shown in 2 semen analysis confirm the sterility of the patient so that the urologist has no legal problem.

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          Safety and effectiveness of vasectomy.

          To recommend further research on vasectomy based on a systematic review of the effectiveness and safety of vasectomy. A systematic MEDLINE review of the literature on the safety and effectiveness of vasectomy between 1964 and 1998. Early failure rates are <1%; however, effectiveness and complications vary with experience of surgeons and surgical technique. Early complications, including hematoma, infection, sperm granulomas, epididymitis-orchitis, and congestive epididymitis, occur in 1%-6% of men undergoing vasectomy. Incidence of epididymal pain is poorly documented. Animal and human data indicate that vasectomy does not increase atherosclerosis and that increases in circulating immune complexes after vasectomy are transient in men with vasectomies. The weight of the evidence regarding prostate and testicular cancer suggests that men with vasectomy are not at increased risk of these cancers. Publications to date continue to support the conclusion that vasectomy is a highly effective form of contraception. Future studies should include evaluations of the long-term effectiveness of vasectomy, evaluating criteria for postvasectomy discontinuation of alternative contraception for use in settings where semen analysis is not practical, and characterizing complications including chronic epididymal pain syndrome.
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            Vasectomy reversal for the post-vasectomy pain syndrome: a clinical and histological evaluation.

            The cause of the post-vasectomy pain syndrome is unclear. Some postulated etiologies include epididymal congestion, tender sperm granuloma and/or nerve entrapment at the vasectomy site. To our knowledge nerve proliferation has not been evaluated previously as a cause of pain. Vasectomy reversal is reportedly successful for relieving pain in some patients. We report our experience and correlate histological findings in resected vasal segments with outcome to explain the mechanism of pain in these patients. We retrospectively reviewed the records of 13 men who underwent vasectomy reversal for the post-vasectomy pain syndrome. We compared blinded histological evaluations of the vasal ends excised at vasectomy reversal in these patients with those of pain-free controls who underwent vasectomy reversal to reestablish fertility. Controls were matched to patients for the interval since vasectomy. Histological features were graded according to the degree of severity of vasitis nodosum, chronic inflammation and nerve proliferation. Mean time to pain onset after vasectomy was 2 years. Presenting symptoms included testicular pain in 9 cases, epididymal pain in 2, pain at ejaculation in 4 and pain during intercourse in 8. Physical examination demonstrated tender epididymides in 6 men, full epididymides in 6, a tender vasectomy site in 4 and a palpable nodule in 4. No patient had testicular tenderness on palpation. Unilateral and bilateral vasovasostomy was performed in 3 and 10 of the 13 patients, respectively. Postoperatively 9 of the 13 men (69%) became completely pain-free. Mean followup was 1.5 years. We observed no differences in vasectomy site histological features in patients with the post-vasectomy pain syndrome and matched controls, and no difference in histological findings in patients with the post-vasectomy pain syndrome who did and did not become pain-free postoperatively. No histological features aid in identifying a cause of pain or provide prognostic value for subsequent pain relief. Vasectomy reversal appeared to be beneficial for relieving pain in the majority of select patients with the post-vasectomy pain syndrome.
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              The no-scalpel vasectomy.

              A refined method of delivering the vas deferens for vasectomy has been developed and used in China since 1974. This method eliminates the scalpel, results in fewer hematomas and infections, and leaves a smaller wound than conventional techniques. An extracutaneous fixation ring clamp encircles and firmly secures the vas without penetrating the skin. A sharp curved hemostat punctures and dilates the scrotal skin and vas sheath. The vas is delivered, cleaned and occluded by the surgeon's preferred technique. The contralateral vas is delivered through the same opening. The puncture wound contracts to about 2 mm., is not visible to the man and requires no sutures for closure. The reported incidence of hematoma in 179,741 men followed in China was 0.09%. No hematomas or infections were identified in the first 273 procedures performed by a surgeon in the United States. The operating time in China and for the last 50 United States procedures has ranged from 5 to 11 minutes. The disadvantage of the technique is the hand-on training and number of cases necessary to gain proficiency. However, the advantages for surgeons and patients should enhance the popularity of vasectomy.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                aue
                Actas Urológicas Españolas
                Actas Urol Esp
                Asociación Española de Urología (, , Spain )
                0210-4806
                March 2004
                : 28
                : 3
                : 175-214
                Affiliations
                [02] Denia Alicante orgnameHospital General Universitario Marina Alta orgdiv1Unidad de Enfermería
                [01] orgnameHospital General Universitario Marina Alta orgdiv1Servicio de Urología
                Article
                S0210-48062004000300002
                10.4321/s0210-48062004000300002
                973d22db-9bd1-4ac3-ae5c-22a267c1586d

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

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                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 136, Pages: 40
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                SciELO Spain


                Vasectomía,Esterilización masculina,Contracepción masculina,Complicaciones,Revisión,Vasectomy,Male sterilization,Male contraception,Complications,Adverse effects,Review

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