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      O que é função? Debates na filosofia da biologia contemporânea

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          Abstract

          Neste artigo, examinamos duas abordagens bastante influentes sobre a natureza das atribuições/explicações funcionais: a abordagem etiológica selecionista de Wright e a análise funcional de Cummins. A primeira parece capturar de modo adequado o significado de várias explicações na biologia evolutiva, ainda que não dê conta de toda e qualquer explicação evolutiva. A segunda, por sua vez, é mais aplicável a explicações fisiológicas ou de outras áreas científicas que lidam com sistemas complexos. Entendemos as duas teorias como empreitadas distintas, que não devem ser combinadas em uma abordagem única sobre as funções. Isso nos leva a apoiar a rejeição de tal unidade por Godfrey-Smith, na forma de sua tese do consenso dualista. Esta tese pode ser ancorada na distinção entre biologia evolutiva e biologia funcional, esboçada por Mayr e Jacob. Tratamos também da crítica de Cummins às abordagens etiológicas selecionistas, as quais ele denomina "neoteleológicas". Embora consideremos que várias das críticas de Cummins de fato localizam falhas nessas abordagens, buscamos mostrar que sua tentativa de rejeição da neoteleologia como um todo é ilegítima. A partir das críticas de ambos os lados do debate sobre as funções, a compreensão desta noção central da biologia tem sido sobremaneira enriquecida. As críticas reforçam a necessidade de delimitar o escopo e o limite de cada uma das abordagens e, assim, apontam no sentido de um pluralismo no debate sobre atribuições/explicações funcionais na filosofia da biologia.

          Translated abstract

          In this paper, we examine two very influential approaches to the nature of functional explanations/attributions: Wright's selectionist etiological approach and Cummins' functional analysis. The former seems to adequately grasp the meaning of several explanations in evolutionary biology, even though it is not sufficient to account for each and every evolutionary explanation. The latter, in turn, is more applicable to explanations in physiology and in other scientific areas dealing with complex systems. We see these two theories as distinct enterprises, which should not be combined in a single approach to functions. This leads us to support Godfrey-Smith's rejection of such a unity, in the form of his dualist consensus thesis. This thesis can be grounded on the distinction between evolutionary and functional biology, as sketched by Mayr and Jacob. We also address Cummins' critique of selectionist etiological approaches, which he labels as "neo-teleological". Although we consider that several criticisms raised by Cummins do identify flaws in these approaches, we intend to show that his attempt to reject neo-teleology as a whole is illegitimate. Criticisms from both sides of the debates about functions are contributing to enrich the comprehension of this central concept in Biology. These criticisms reinforce the need of delimiting the scope and limits of each approach, and, thus, point in the direction of a pluralism in the debate about functional explanations/attributions in the Philosophy of Biology.

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          Punctuated equilibria: the tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered

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            The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme

            An adaptationist programme has dominated evolutionary thought in England and the United States during the past 40 years. It is based on faith in the power of natural selection as an optimizing agent. It proceeds by breaking an oragnism into unitary 'traits' and proposing an adaptive story for each considered separately. Trade-offs among competing selective demands exert the only brake upon perfection; non-optimality is thereby rendered as a result of adaptation as well. We criticize this approach and attempt to reassert a competing notion (long popular in continental Europe) that organisms must be analysed as integrated wholes, with Baupläne so constrained by phyletic heritage, pathways of development and general architecture that the constraints themselves become more interesting and more important in delimiting pathways of change than the selective force that may mediate change when it occurs. We fault the adaptationist programme for its failure to distinguish current utility from reasons for origin (male tyrannosaurs may have used their diminutive front legs to titillate female partners, but this will not explain why they got so small); for its unwillingness to consider alternatives to adaptive stories; for its reliance upon plausibility alone as a criterion for accepting speculative tales; and for its failure to consider adequately such competing themes as random fixation of alleles, production of non-adaptive structures by developmental correlation with selected features (allometry, pleiotropy, material compensation, mechanically forced correlation), the separability of adaptation and selection, multiple adaptive peaks, and current utility as an epiphenomenon of non-adaptive structures. We support Darwin's own pluralistic approach to identifying the agents of evolutionary change.
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              Exaptation—a Missing Term in the Science of Form

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ss
                Scientiae Studia
                Sci. stud.
                Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Filosofia (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                1678-3166
                2316-8994
                2009
                : 7
                : 3
                : 353-401
                Affiliations
                [02] orgnameUniversidade Federal da Bahia orgdiv1Instituto de Biologia Brasil charbel@ 123456ufba.br
                [01] Bahia orgnameUniversidade Federal da Bahia orgdiv1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ensino, Filosofia e História da Ciência Brasil
                Article
                S1678-31662009000300002 S1678-3166(09)00700302
                10.1590/S1678-31662009000300002
                96e6fa25-51bb-48e3-bd93-1a607926e3a2

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 88, Pages: 49
                Product

                SciELO Brazil


                Função,Cummins,Wright,Natural selection,Etiological selecionist approaches,Functional analysis,Teleology,Function,Seleção natural,Abordagens etiológicas selecionistas,Análise funcional,Teleologia

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