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      The conserved protective cyclic AMP-phosphodiesterase function PDE4B is expressed in the adenoma and adjacent normal colonic epithelium of mammals and silenced in colorectal cancer

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          Abstract

          Conservation over three mammalian genera—the mouse, rat, and human—has been found for a subset of the transcripts whose level differs between the adenoma and normal epithelium of the colon. Pde4b is one of the triply conserved transcripts whose level is enhanced both in the colonic adenoma and in the normal colonic epithelium, especially adjacent to adenomas. It encodes the phosphodiesterase PDE4B, specific for cAMP. Loss of PDE4B function in the Apc Min/+ mouse leads to a significant increase in the number of colonic adenomas. Similarly, Pde4b-deficient Apc Min/+ mice are hypersensitive to treatment by the inflammatory agent DSS, becoming moribund soon after treatment. These observations imply that the PDE4B function protects against Apc Min -induced adenomagenesis and inflammatory lethality. The paradoxical enhancement of the Pde4b transcript in the adenoma versus this inferred protective function of PDE4B can be rationalized by a feedback model in which PDE4B is first activated by early oncogenic stress involving cAMP and then, as reported for frank human colon cancer, inactivated by epigenetic silencing.

          Author summary

          We have used the extensive genetic variation between genera within the mammalian order–mouse versus rat versus human–to discover genes whose broadly conserved transcripts differ in level in early colonic tumors compared to the normal colonic epithelium. Then, we developed a quantitative functional analysis using a targeted inactivating mutation in a genetically homogeneous strain, the congenic C57BL/6J Apc Min/+ mouse. This physiological genetic analysis of cancer involves parsing gene action into positive versus negative effects on the cancer of interest. Combining our studies with reports in the literature, we deduced that, by catabolizing cyclic AMP, the phosphodiesterase encoded by the gene of interest, Pde4b, protects against the early stages of colon cancer in the mouse. In advanced colon cancer in human patients, this gene is silenced, losing its inferred protective role. Together, this study illustrates the power of combining discovery by conservation among diverse mammalian genera with functional analysis within a single experimental species to understand a novel facet of human cancer.

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          Most cited references57

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          Integrative analysis of complex cancer genomics and clinical profiles using the cBioPortal.

          The cBioPortal for Cancer Genomics (http://cbioportal.org) provides a Web resource for exploring, visualizing, and analyzing multidimensional cancer genomics data. The portal reduces molecular profiling data from cancer tissues and cell lines into readily understandable genetic, epigenetic, gene expression, and proteomic events. The query interface combined with customized data storage enables researchers to interactively explore genetic alterations across samples, genes, and pathways and, when available in the underlying data, to link these to clinical outcomes. The portal provides graphical summaries of gene-level data from multiple platforms, network visualization and analysis, survival analysis, patient-centric queries, and software programmatic access. The intuitive Web interface of the portal makes complex cancer genomics profiles accessible to researchers and clinicians without requiring bioinformatics expertise, thus facilitating biological discoveries. Here, we provide a practical guide to the analysis and visualization features of the cBioPortal for Cancer Genomics.
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            Oncogenic ras provokes premature cell senescence associated with accumulation of p53 and p16INK4a.

            Oncogenic ras can transform most immortal rodent cells to a tumorigenic state. However, transformation of primary cells by ras requires either a cooperating oncogene or the inactivation of tumor suppressors such as p53 or p16. Here we show that expression of oncogenic ras in primary human or rodent cells results in a permanent G1 arrest. The arrest induced by ras is accompanied by accumulation of p53 and p16, and is phenotypically indistinguishable from cellular senescence. Inactivation of either p53 or p16 prevents ras-induced arrest in rodent cells, and E1A achieves a similar effect in human cells. These observations suggest that the onset of cellular senescence does not simply reflect the accumulation of cell divisions, but can be prematurely activated in response to an oncogenic stimulus. Negation of ras-induced senescence may be relevant during multistep tumorigenesis.
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              Angiostatin: a novel angiogenesis inhibitor that mediates the suppression of metastases by a Lewis lung carcinoma.

              The phenomenon of inhibition of tumor growth by tumor mass has been repeatedly studied, but without elucidation of a satisfactory mechanism. In our animal model, a primary tumor inhibits its remote metastases. After tumor removal, metastases neovascularize and grow. When the primary tumor is present, metastatic growth is suppressed by a circulating angiogenesis inhibitor. Serum and urine from tumor-bearing mice, but not from controls, specifically inhibit endothelial cell proliferation. The activity copurifies with a 38 kDa plasminogen fragment that we have sequenced and named angiostatin. A corresponding fragment of human plasminogen has similar activity. Systemic administration of angiostatin, but not intact plasminogen, potently blocks neovascularization and growth of metastases. We here show that the inhibition of metastases by a primary mouse tumor is mediated, at least in part, by angiostatin.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: ResourcesRole: ValidationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: InvestigationRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Software
                Role: InvestigationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: ValidationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS Genet
                PLoS Genet
                plos
                plosgen
                PLoS Genetics
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1553-7390
                1553-7404
                6 September 2018
                September 2018
                : 14
                : 9
                : e1007611
                Affiliations
                [1 ] McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
                [2 ] Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
                [3 ] Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
                [4 ] Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
                [5 ] Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
                [6 ] Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
                [7 ] Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
                Seattle Children’s Research Institute, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8666-6895
                Article
                PGENETICS-D-17-02463
                10.1371/journal.pgen.1007611
                6143270
                30188895
                96c518b5-1ebe-46a6-9285-272f71126359
                © 2018 Pleiman et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 19 December 2017
                : 6 August 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 11, Tables: 2, Pages: 26
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000002, National Institutes of Health;
                Award ID: R37 CA063677
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000002, National Institutes of Health;
                Award ID: U54 A1-117924
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000002, National Institutes of Health;
                Award ID: T32 GM007133
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000002, National Institutes of Health;
                Award ID: T32 ES007015
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000002, National Institutes of Health;
                Award ID: P30 CA014520
                Funded by: Morgridge Fellowship in Biotechnology
                Award Recipient :
                Support for this study was provided by National Institutes of Health grants (WFD) R37 CA063677; (MAN) U54 A1-117924; (JKP) T32 GM007133 (Genetics); (AAI) T32 ES007015 (Environmental Toxicology) and Morgridge Fellowship in Biotechnology; and (WFD, MAN, and DAD) P30 CA014520 (Carbone Cancer Center). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Digestive System
                Gastrointestinal Tract
                Colon
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Digestive System
                Gastrointestinal Tract
                Colon
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Oncology
                Cancers and Neoplasms
                Adenomas
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Biological Tissue
                Epithelium
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Biological Tissue
                Epithelium
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Oncology
                Cancers and Neoplasms
                Colorectal Cancer
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Experimental Organism Systems
                Model Organisms
                Mouse Models
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Model Organisms
                Mouse Models
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Experimental Organism Systems
                Animal Models
                Mouse Models
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Cell Biology
                Cellular Types
                Animal Cells
                Immune Cells
                Antigen-Presenting Cells
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Immunology
                Immune Cells
                Antigen-Presenting Cells
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Immunology
                Immune Cells
                Antigen-Presenting Cells
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Oncology
                Cancer Treatment
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Gastroenterology and Hepatology
                Inflammatory Bowel Disease
                Custom metadata
                vor-update-to-uncorrected-proof
                2018-09-18
                Microarray data is available at GEO accession numbers GSE107139 and GSE54036.

                Genetics
                Genetics

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