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      A comprehensive assessment of long-term SARS-CoV-2-specific adaptive immune memory in convalescent COVID-19 Solid Organ Transplant recipients

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      1 , , 2 , , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 13 , 14 , 14 , 15 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 17 , 1 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 2 , 8 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 6 , 2 , 6 , ∗∗
      Kidney International
      Published by Elsevier, Inc., on behalf of the International Society of Nephrology.
      COVID-19 infection, Solid Organ Transplantation, adaptive immunity

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          Abstract

          Long-term adaptive immune memory has been reported among immunocompetent individuals up to eight months following SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, limited data is available in convalescent patients with a solid organ transplant. To investigate this, we performed a thorough evaluation of adaptive immune memory at different compartments (serological, memory B cells and cytokine [IFN-γ, IL-2, IFN-γ/IL2 and IL-21] producing T cells) specific to SARS-CoV-2 by ELISA and FluoroSpot-based assays in 102 convalescent patients (53 with a solid organ transplants (38 kidney, 5 liver, 5 lung and 5 heart transplant) and 49 immunocompetent controls) with different clinical COVID-19 severity (severe, mild and asymptomatic) beyond six months after infection. While similar detectable memory responses at different immune compartments were detected between those with a solid organ transplant and immunocompetent individuals, these responses were predominantly driven by distinct COVID-19 clinical severities (97.6%, 80.5% and 42.1%, all significantly different, were seropositive; 84% vs 75% vs 35.7%, all significantly different, showed IgG-producing memory B cells and 82.5%, 86.9% and 31.6%, displayed IFN-γ producing T cells; in severe, mild and asymptomatic convalescent patients, respectively). Notably, patients with a solid organ transplant with longer time after transplantation did more likely show detectable long-lasting immune memory, regardless of COVID-19 severity. Thus, our study shows that patients with a solid organ transplant are capable of maintaining long-lasting peripheral immune memory after COVID-19 infection; mainly determined by the degree of infection severity.

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          Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China

          Abstract Background Since December 2019, when coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) emerged in Wuhan city and rapidly spread throughout China, data have been needed on the clinical characteristics of the affected patients. Methods We extracted data regarding 1099 patients with laboratory-confirmed Covid-19 from 552 hospitals in 30 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities in mainland China through January 29, 2020. The primary composite end point was admission to an intensive care unit (ICU), the use of mechanical ventilation, or death. Results The median age of the patients was 47 years; 41.9% of the patients were female. The primary composite end point occurred in 67 patients (6.1%), including 5.0% who were admitted to the ICU, 2.3% who underwent invasive mechanical ventilation, and 1.4% who died. Only 1.9% of the patients had a history of direct contact with wildlife. Among nonresidents of Wuhan, 72.3% had contact with residents of Wuhan, including 31.3% who had visited the city. The most common symptoms were fever (43.8% on admission and 88.7% during hospitalization) and cough (67.8%). Diarrhea was uncommon (3.8%). The median incubation period was 4 days (interquartile range, 2 to 7). On admission, ground-glass opacity was the most common radiologic finding on chest computed tomography (CT) (56.4%). No radiographic or CT abnormality was found in 157 of 877 patients (17.9%) with nonsevere disease and in 5 of 173 patients (2.9%) with severe disease. Lymphocytopenia was present in 83.2% of the patients on admission. Conclusions During the first 2 months of the current outbreak, Covid-19 spread rapidly throughout China and caused varying degrees of illness. Patients often presented without fever, and many did not have abnormal radiologic findings. (Funded by the National Health Commission of China and others.)
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            Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China

            In December 2019, novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)-infected pneumonia (NCIP) occurred in Wuhan, China. The number of cases has increased rapidly but information on the clinical characteristics of affected patients is limited.
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              Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Kidney Int
                Kidney Int
                Kidney International
                Published by Elsevier, Inc., on behalf of the International Society of Nephrology.
                0085-2538
                1523-1755
                4 February 2022
                4 February 2022
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Kidney Transplant Unit, Nephrology department. Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
                [2 ]Laboratory of Nephrology and Transplantation. Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
                [3 ]Heart Transplant Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
                [4 ]Liver Transplant unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
                [5 ]Primary Care Baix Llobregat centre, DAP Costa Ponent, EAP Gavarra, Cornellà de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
                [6 ]Kidney transplant Unit. Nephrology department. Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
                [7 ]Lung Transplant Unit. Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
                [8 ]Kidney Transplant Unit, Hospital de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
                [9 ]Kidney transplant Unit. Nephrology department. Fundació PuigVert. Barcelona, Spain
                [10 ]Department of Transplantation, Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Edouard Herriot Hospital Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
                [11 ]Kidney transplant Unit. Nephrology department. Hospital del Mar. Barcelona, Spain
                [12 ]Kidney transplant Unit. Nephrology department. Hospital Clínic. Barcelona, Spain
                [13 ]Infectious disease department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
                [14 ]Microbiology department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
                [15 ]Microbiology department. Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
                [16 ]Bioinformatics Platform, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
                [17 ]GenID GmbH, Strassberg, Germany
                Author notes
                [∗∗ ]Corresponding author: Oriol Bestard MD, PhD, Department of Nephrology and Kidney transplantation, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Associate Professor, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
                [∗]

                Both authors equally contributed as first authors to this work

                Article
                S0085-2538(22)00029-1
                10.1016/j.kint.2021.12.029
                8813192
                35124011
                961235be-538c-4a1a-a808-9234e0318e82
                © 2022 Published by Elsevier, Inc., on behalf of the International Society of Nephrology.

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                : 22 August 2021
                : 25 November 2021
                : 9 December 2021
                Categories
                Clinical Investigation

                Nephrology
                covid-19 infection,solid organ transplantation,adaptive immunity
                Nephrology
                covid-19 infection, solid organ transplantation, adaptive immunity

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