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      Socio-demographic determinants of self-rated health in Brazil Translated title: Determinantes sócio-demográficos da auto-avaliação da saúde no Brasil

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          Abstract

          Self-rated health has been used extensively in epidemiologic studies, not only due to its importance per se but also due to the validity established by its association with clinical conditions and with greater risk of subsequent morbidity and mortality. In this study, the socio-demographic determinants of good self-rated health are analyzed using data from the World Health Survey, adapted and carried out in Brazil in 2003. Logistic regression models were used, with age and sex as covariables, and educational level, a household assets index, and work-related indicators as measures of socioeconomic status. Besides the effects of sex and age, with consistently worst health perception among females and among the eldest, the results showed pronounced socioeconomic inequalities. After adjusting for age, among females the factors that contributed most to deterioration of health perception were incomplete education and material hardship; among males, besides material hardship, work related indicators (manual work, unemployment, work retirement or incapable to work) were also important determining factors. Among individuals with long-term illness or disability, the socioeconomic gradient persisted, although of smaller magnitude.

          Translated abstract

          A auto-avaliação da saúde vem sendo amplamente utilizada nos estudos epidemiológicos, não só por ser importante por si, mas também pela sua validade, estabelecida por suas relações com as condições clínicas e com o maior risco de morbi-mortalidade subseqüente. Neste trabalho, são analisados os determinantes sócio-demográficos da auto-avaliação de saúde boa, utilizando os dados da Pesquisa Mundial de Saúde, inquérito domiciliar realizado no Brasil, em 2003. Foram utilizados modelos de regressão logística, considerando idade e sexo como co-variáveis, e o grau de instrução, a posse de bens no domicílio e a situação de trabalho como indicadores do nível sócio-econômico. Além das diferenças por sexo e idade, com auto-avaliações consistentemente piores entre as mulheres e entre os mais idosos, os resultados indicaram acentuadas desigualdades sócio-econômicas. Ajustando-se por idade, entre as mulheres, a instrução incompleta e a privação material foram os fatores que mais contribuíram para a pior percepção da saúde; entre os homens, além da privação material, os indicadores relacionados ao trabalho tiveram efeitos importantes. Entre os indivíduos com doença de longa duração ou incapacidade, o gradiente social persistiu, embora em menor magnitude.

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          Most cited references49

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          Perceived health and mortality: a nine-year follow-up of the human population laboratory cohort.

          The association between perceived health ratings ("excellent," "good," "fair," and "poor") and mortality was assessed using the 1965 Human Population Laboratory survey of a random sample of 6928 adults in Alameda County, California, and a subsequent nine-year follow-up. Risk of death during this period was significantly associated with perceived health rating in 1965. The age-adjusted relative risk for mortality from all causes for those who perceived their health as poor as compared to excellent was 2.33 for men and 5.10 for women. The association between level of perceived health and mortality persisted in multiple logistic analyses with controls for age, sex, 1965 physical health status, health practices, social network participation, income, education, health relative to age peers, anomy, morale, depression, and happiness.
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            What do global self-rated health items measure?

            One of the most frequently used health status measures consists of a single item that asks respondents to rate their overall health as excellent, good, fair, or poor. This study identified the conceptual domain that is assessed by this self-rated health measure. Findings from 158 in-depth interviews revealed that the same frame of reference is not used by all respondents in answering this question. Some study participants think about specific health problems when asked to rate their health, whereas others think in terms of either general physical functioning or health behaviors. The data further revealed that the specific referents that are used vary by age. In addition, more tentative findings suggest that the use of specific referents may also vary by education and race. Finally, the results suggest that certain referents may not be related to closed-ended health ratings in predictable ways.
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              Dichotomous or categorical response? Analysing self-rated health and lifetime social class.

              Self-rated health is a commonly used measure of health status, usually having three to five categories. The measure is often collapsed into a dichotomous variable of good versus less than good health. This categorization has not yet been justified. Using data from the 1958 British birth cohort, we examined the relationship between socioeconomic conditions, indicated by occupational class at four ages, and self-rated health. Results obtained for a dichotomous variable using logistic regression were compared with alternative methods for ordered categorical variables including polytomous regression, cumulative odds, continuation ratio and adjacent categories models. Findings concerning the relationship between socioeconomic position and self-rated health yielded by a logistic regression model were confirmed by alternative statistical methods which incorporate the ordered nature of self-rated health. Similarity of results was found regarding size and significance of main effects, type of association and interactive effects.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                csp
                Cadernos de Saúde Pública
                Cad. Saúde Pública
                Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                0102-311X
                1678-4464
                2005
                : 21
                : suppl 1
                : S54-S64
                Affiliations
                [01] Rio de Janeiro orgnameFundação Oswaldo Cruz orgdiv1Centro de Informação Científica e Tecnológica Brasil
                Article
                S0102-311X2005000700007 S0102-311X(05)02100007
                95a66e46-431c-4af2-91c0-0d55ff47fb20

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 30 September 2005
                : 04 May 2004
                : 27 September 2005
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 47, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Articles

                Nível de Saúde,Socioeconomic Survey,Enquete Sócio-econômica,Estudos Epidemiológicos,Health Status,Epidemiologic Studies

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