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      Effectiveness of antibacterial agents against cell-invading bacteria such as Streptococcus pyogenes and Haemophilus influenzae

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          Abstract

          Background

          Recurrent tonsillitis is one of the most common otolaryngological disorders caused by cell-invading bacteria, such as Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) and Haemophilus influenzae. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of antibacterial agents against cell-invading bacteria.

          Methods

          The intracellular invasion of Detroit 562 cells by five strains of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) and four strains of S. pyogenes was investigated. The antibacterial agents used were garenoxacin (GRNX), clarithromycin (CAM), amoxicillin (AMPC), cefditoren pivoxil (CDTR-PI), and levofloxacin (LVFX).

          Results

          Both NTHi and S. pyogenes fully invaded Detroit 562 cells in 6 h and were less sensitive to CAM. GRNX, CAM, and LVFX were effective against bacteria invading the cells, but AMPC and CDTR-PI were not effective. GRNX was the most effective.

          Conclusion

          GRNX was the most effective agent against bacteria invading cells.

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          Most cited references29

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          Mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance.

          David Hooper (1999)
          Mechanisms of bacterial resistance to fluoroquinolones fall into two principal categories, alterations in drug target enzymes and alterations that limit permeation of drug to the target, both resulting from chromosomal mutations. No specific resistance mechanisms of quinolone degradation or modification have been found. The target enzymes, DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV are most commonly altered in domains near the enzyme active sites and in some cases reduced drug binding affinity has been demonstrated. Drug permeation is altered by mutations that increase expression of endogenous multidrug efflux pumps, alter outer membrane diffusion channels, or both. Recently a new plasmid-mediated resistance of an as yet undefined mechanism was found in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Copyright 1999 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.
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            Direct detection of bacterial biofilms on the middle-ear mucosa of children with chronic otitis media.

            Jay Hayes, Luanne Hall-Stoodley, Josephine Forbes … (2006)
            Chronic otitis media (OM) is a common pediatric infectious disease. Previous studies demonstrating that metabolically active bacteria exist in culture-negative pediatric middle-ear effusions and that experimental infection with Haemophilus influenzae in the chinchilla model of otitis media results in the formation of adherent mucosal biofilms suggest that chronic OM may result from a mucosal biofilm infection. To test the hypothesis that chronic OM in humans is biofilm-related. Middle-ear mucosa (MEM) biopsy specimens were obtained from 26 children (mean age, 2.5 [range, 0.5-14] years) undergoing tympanostomy tube placement for treatment of otitis media with effusion (OME) and recurrent OM and were analyzed using microbiological culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnostics, direct microscopic examination, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and immunostaining. Uninfected (control) MEM specimens were obtained from 3 children and 5 adults undergoing cochlear implantation. Patients were enrolled between February 2004 and April 2005 from a single US tertiary referral otolaryngology practice. Confocal laser scanning microscopic (CLSM) images were obtained from MEM biopsy specimens and were evaluated for biofilm morphology using generic stains and species-specific probes for H influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Effusions, when present, were evaluated by PCR and culture for evidence of pathogen-specific nucleic acid sequences and bacterial growth, respectively. Of the 26 children undergoing tympanostomy tube placement, 13 (50%) had OME, 20 (77%) had recurrent OM, and 7 (27%) had both diagnoses; 27 of 52 (52%) of the ears had effusions, 24 of 24 effusions were PCR-positive for at least 1 OM pathogen, and 6 (22%) of 27 effusions were culture-positive for any pathogen. Mucosal biofilms were visualized by CLSM on 46 (92%) of 50 MEM specimens from children with OME and recurrent OM using generic and pathogen-specific probes. Biofilms were not observed on 8 control MEM specimens obtained from the patients undergoing cochlear implantation. Direct detection of biofilms on MEM biopsy specimens from children with OME and recurrent OM supports the hypothesis that these chronic middle-ear disorders are biofilm-related.
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              Differences among international pharyngitis guidelines: not just academic.

              Jan Matthys, Marc De Meyere, Mieke van Driel … (2015)
              Many countries have national guidelines for the treatment of pharyngitis. We wanted to compare the recommendations and the reported evidence in national guidelines for the management of acute sore throat in adults. Guidelines were retrieved via MEDLINE and EMBASE and through a Web-based search for guideline development organizations. The content of the recommendations and the underlying evidence were analyzed with qualitative and bibliometric methods. We included 4 North American and 6 European guidelines. Recommendations differ with regard to the use of a rapid antigen test and throat culture and with the indication for antibiotics. The North American, French, and Finnish guidelines consider diagnosis of group A streptococcus essential, and prevention of acute rheumatic fever remains an important reason to prescribe antibiotics. In 4 of the 6 European guidelines, acute sore throat is considered a self-limiting disease and antibiotics are not recommended. The evidence used to underpin these guidelines was different in North America and Europe. North American guidelines cited more North American references than did European guidelines (87.2% vs 48.0%; ods ratio, 4.6-11.9; P<.001). Although the evidence for the management of acute sore throat is easily available, national guidelines are different with regard to the choice of evidence and the interpretation for clinical practice. Also a transparent and standardized guideline development method is lacking. These findings are important in the context of appropriate antibiotic use, the problem of growing antimicrobial resistance, and costs for the community.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Hiroyuki Iuchi: hamoshun@m.kufm.kagoshima-u.ac.jp
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Microbiol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Microbiol
                Title: BMC Microbiology
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1471-2180
                Publication date (Electronic): 14 May 2021
                Publication date PMC-release: 14 May 2021
                Publication date Collection: 2021
                Volume: 21
                Electronic Location Identifier: 148
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.258333.c, ISNI 0000 0001 1167 1801, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, , Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, ; 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544 Japan
                [2 ]GRID grid.258333.c, ISNI 0000 0001 1167 1801, Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, , Kagoshima University, ; 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544 Japan
                Article
                Publisher ID: 2217
                DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02217-y
                PMC ID: 8122569
                PubMed ID: 33990180
                SO-VID: 947a2889-a7ac-44c9-b641-5c03b4e41ce8
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2021
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                Date received : 21 January 2021
                Date accepted : 3 May 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Research
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2021

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: antibacterial agents,haemophilus influenzae,streptococcus pyogenes,susceptibility,garenoxacin,emm typing
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: antibacterial agents, haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pyogenes, susceptibility, garenoxacin, emm typing

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