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      Covid 19 vaccination: Accessibility or literacy? Israel as a case study ☆

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          Abstract

          Israel is ranked as the leading country in terms of prevalence of vaccination against SARS-COV-2 virus (persons vaccinated divided by total population). Based on updated data as of January 19, 2021, the objective of the current study is to assess the relationship between the prevalence of vaccination and population density. A-priori, given the better infrastructure of health services (more physicians and nurses per 1000 persons), one would anticipate a higher level of vaccination in denser cities. Surprisingly, the outcomes demonstrate an opposite relationship: a lower level in the per capita level of vaccination with higher population densities from 0.2144 for 2 persons per sq. Km. to a minimum of 0.007191 for 16,642 persons per sq. Km. Given the relatively good accessibility to vaccination centers and high spread of clinics and health centers in Israel, research findings thus stress the major importance of promoting the benefits of vaccination (vaccination literacy) to diversified populations.

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          BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine in a Nationwide Mass Vaccination Setting

          Noa Dagan, Noam Barda, Eldad Kepten … (2021)
          Abstract Background As mass vaccination campaigns against coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) commence worldwide, vaccine effectiveness needs to be assessed for a range of outcomes across diverse populations in a noncontrolled setting. In this study, data from Israel’s largest health care organization were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. Methods All persons who were newly vaccinated during the period from December 20, 2020, to February 1, 2021, were matched to unvaccinated controls in a 1:1 ratio according to demographic and clinical characteristics. Study outcomes included documented infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), symptomatic Covid-19, Covid-19–related hospitalization, severe illness, and death. We estimated vaccine effectiveness for each outcome as one minus the risk ratio, using the Kaplan–Meier estimator. Results Each study group included 596,618 persons. Estimated vaccine effectiveness for the study outcomes at days 14 through 20 after the first dose and at 7 or more days after the second dose was as follows: for documented infection, 46% (95% confidence interval [CI], 40 to 51) and 92% (95% CI, 88 to 95); for symptomatic Covid-19, 57% (95% CI, 50 to 63) and 94% (95% CI, 87 to 98); for hospitalization, 74% (95% CI, 56 to 86) and 87% (95% CI, 55 to 100); and for severe disease, 62% (95% CI, 39 to 80) and 92% (95% CI, 75 to 100), respectively. Estimated effectiveness in preventing death from Covid-19 was 72% (95% CI, 19 to 100) for days 14 through 20 after the first dose. Estimated effectiveness in specific subpopulations assessed for documented infection and symptomatic Covid-19 was consistent across age groups, with potentially slightly lower effectiveness in persons with multiple coexisting conditions. Conclusions This study in a nationwide mass vaccination setting suggests that the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine is effective for a wide range of Covid-19–related outcomes, a finding consistent with that of the randomized trial.
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            Modelling disease outbreaks in realistic urban social networks.

            Stephen Eubank, Hasan Guclu, V. Anil Kumar … (2004)
            Most mathematical models for the spread of disease use differential equations based on uniform mixing assumptions or ad hoc models for the contact process. Here we explore the use of dynamic bipartite graphs to model the physical contact patterns that result from movements of individuals between specific locations. The graphs are generated by large-scale individual-based urban traffic simulations built on actual census, land-use and population-mobility data. We find that the contact network among people is a strongly connected small-world-like graph with a well-defined scale for the degree distribution. However, the locations graph is scale-free, which allows highly efficient outbreak detection by placing sensors in the hubs of the locations network. Within this large-scale simulation framework, we then analyse the relative merits of several proposed mitigation strategies for smallpox spread. Our results suggest that outbreaks can be contained by a strategy of targeted vaccination combined with early detection without resorting to mass vaccination of a population.
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              Econometric methods for fractional response variables with an application to 401(k) plan participation rates

              Leslie Papke, Jeffrey M. Wooldridge (1996)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Disaster Risk Reduct
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Disaster Risk Reduct
                Title: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction
                Publisher: Elsevier Ltd.
                ISSN (Electronic): 2212-4209
                Publication date PMC-release: 13 January 2022
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 January 2022
                Electronic Location Identifier: 102794
                Affiliations
                [a ]Sir Harry Solomon School of Economics and Management, Western Galilee College, Acre, 2412101, Israel
                [b ]Department of Mathematics, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
                [c ]School of Real Estate, Netanya Academic College, 1 University Street, Netanya, 4223587, Israel
                [d ]The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Israel
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2212-4209(22)00013-9 Publisher ID: 102794
                DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.102794
                PMC ID: 8757325
                SO-VID: 944bac07-0950-4265-8dbd-53091db8953e
                Copyright © © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 27 June 2021
                Date revision received : 1 January 2022
                Date accepted : 9 January 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: covid-19,population density,socio-economic ranking,gini index
                Data availability:
                Keywords: covid-19, population density, socio-economic ranking, gini index

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