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      Linkage mapping and QTL analysis of growth traits in Rhopilema esculentum

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          Abstract

          R. esculentum is a popular seafood in Asian countries and an economic marine fishery resource in China. However, the genetic linkage map and growth-related molecular markers are still lacking, hindering marker assisted selection (MAS) for genetic improvement of R. esculentum. Therefore, we firstly used 2b-restriction site-associated DNA (2b-RAD) method to sequence 152 R. esculentum specimens and obtained 9100 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. A 1456.34 cM linkage map was constructed using 2508 SNP markers with an average interval of 0.58 cM. Then, six quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for umbrella diameter and body weight were detected by QTL analysis based on the new linkage map. The six QTLs are located on four linkage groups (LGs), LG4, LG13, LG14 and LG15, explaining 9.4% to 13.4% of the phenotypic variation. Finally, 27 candidate genes in QTLs regions of LG 14 and 15 were found associated with growth and one gene named RE13670 (sushi, von Willebrand factor type A, EGF and pentraxin domain-containing protein 1-like) may play an important role in controlling the growth of R. esculentum. This study provides valuable information for investigating the growth mechanism and MAS breeding in R. esculentum.

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          Most cited references36

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          KEGG: kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes.

          M Kanehisa (2000)
          KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) is a knowledge base for systematic analysis of gene functions, linking genomic information with higher order functional information. The genomic information is stored in the GENES database, which is a collection of gene catalogs for all the completely sequenced genomes and some partial genomes with up-to-date annotation of gene functions. The higher order functional information is stored in the PATHWAY database, which contains graphical representations of cellular processes, such as metabolism, membrane transport, signal transduction and cell cycle. The PATHWAY database is supplemented by a set of ortholog group tables for the information about conserved subpathways (pathway motifs), which are often encoded by positionally coupled genes on the chromosome and which are especially useful in predicting gene functions. A third database in KEGG is LIGAND for the information about chemical compounds, enzyme molecules and enzymatic reactions. KEGG provides Java graphics tools for browsing genome maps, comparing two genome maps and manipulating expression maps, as well as computational tools for sequence comparison, graph comparison and path computation. The KEGG databases are daily updated and made freely available (http://www. genome.ad.jp/kegg/).
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            A program for annotating and predicting the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms, SnpEff: SNPs in the genome of Drosophila melanogaster strain w1118; iso-2; iso-3.

            We describe a new computer program, SnpEff, for rapidly categorizing the effects of variants in genome sequences. Once a genome is sequenced, SnpEff annotates variants based on their genomic locations and predicts coding effects. Annotated genomic locations include intronic, untranslated region, upstream, downstream, splice site, or intergenic regions. Coding effects such as synonymous or non-synonymous amino acid replacement, start codon gains or losses, stop codon gains or losses, or frame shifts can be predicted. Here the use of SnpEff is illustrated by annotating ~356,660 candidate SNPs in ~117 Mb unique sequences, representing a substitution rate of ~1/305 nucleotides, between the Drosophila melanogaster w(1118); iso-2; iso-3 strain and the reference y(1); cn(1) bw(1) sp(1) strain. We show that ~15,842 SNPs are synonymous and ~4,467 SNPs are non-synonymous (N/S ~0.28). The remaining SNPs are in other categories, such as stop codon gains (38 SNPs), stop codon losses (8 SNPs), and start codon gains (297 SNPs) in the 5'UTR. We found, as expected, that the SNP frequency is proportional to the recombination frequency (i.e., highest in the middle of chromosome arms). We also found that start-gain or stop-lost SNPs in Drosophila melanogaster often result in additions of N-terminal or C-terminal amino acids that are conserved in other Drosophila species. It appears that the 5' and 3' UTRs are reservoirs for genetic variations that changes the termini of proteins during evolution of the Drosophila genus. As genome sequencing is becoming inexpensive and routine, SnpEff enables rapid analyses of whole-genome sequencing data to be performed by an individual laboratory.
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              Fast model-based estimation of ancestry in unrelated individuals.

              Population stratification has long been recognized as a confounding factor in genetic association studies. Estimated ancestries, derived from multi-locus genotype data, can be used to perform a statistical correction for population stratification. One popular technique for estimation of ancestry is the model-based approach embodied by the widely applied program structure. Another approach, implemented in the program EIGENSTRAT, relies on Principal Component Analysis rather than model-based estimation and does not directly deliver admixture fractions. EIGENSTRAT has gained in popularity in part owing to its remarkable speed in comparison to structure. We present a new algorithm and a program, ADMIXTURE, for model-based estimation of ancestry in unrelated individuals. ADMIXTURE adopts the likelihood model embedded in structure. However, ADMIXTURE runs considerably faster, solving problems in minutes that take structure hours. In many of our experiments, we have found that ADMIXTURE is almost as fast as EIGENSTRAT. The runtime improvements of ADMIXTURE rely on a fast block relaxation scheme using sequential quadratic programming for block updates, coupled with a novel quasi-Newton acceleration of convergence. Our algorithm also runs faster and with greater accuracy than the implementation of an Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm incorporated in the program FRAPPE. Our simulations show that ADMIXTURE's maximum likelihood estimates of the underlying admixture coefficients and ancestral allele frequencies are as accurate as structure's Bayesian estimates. On real-world data sets, ADMIXTURE's estimates are directly comparable to those from structure and EIGENSTRAT. Taken together, our results show that ADMIXTURE's computational speed opens up the possibility of using a much larger set of markers in model-based ancestry estimation and that its estimates are suitable for use in correcting for population stratification in association studies.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                yunfengli@126.com
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                10 January 2022
                10 January 2022
                2022
                : 12
                : 471
                Affiliations
                GRID grid.464368.b, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, ; 50 Heishijiao St., Dalian, 116023 Liaoning China
                Article
                4431
                10.1038/s41598-021-04431-0
                8748825
                35013486
                94447590-4394-40d0-9c7c-d3af07471e42
                © The Author(s) 2022

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 14 September 2021
                : 20 December 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: Liaoning Provincial Natural Science Foundation
                Award ID: 20180551158
                Funded by: Liaoning Science and Technology Plan Projects
                Award ID: 2020JH2/10200021
                Categories
                Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2022

                Uncategorized
                animal breeding,genetic association study,genome,sequencing
                Uncategorized
                animal breeding, genetic association study, genome, sequencing

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