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      Predictors of acute stress disorder in victims of violence in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo Translated title: Predictores de trastorno de estrés agudo en víctimas de violencia en el este de la República Democrática del Congo Translated title: 刚果民主共和国东部暴力受害者急性应激障碍的预测因素

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          ABSTRACT

          Background: The Democratic Republic of the Congo underwent more than 25 years of war resulting in millions of deaths and in survivants struggling with trauma related disorders. The factors contributing to acute stress disorder following a traumatic event remain little understood. Emotion regulation might play a role in the development of acute stress disorder among victims of war-related violence.

          Objectives: We assessed the association between acute stress disorder expression and cognitive strategies of emotion regulation among injured victims of violence in the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.

          Methods: This cross-sectional study included 120 patients (77% males, mean age 30 ± 11 years) with traumatic wounds admitted at the Bukavu General Hospital. We assessed acute stress disorder through the Stanford Acute Reaction Stress Questionnaire and emotion regulation strategies through the Cognitive emotional regulation questionnaire.

          Results: Using Pearson Chi2 and Student t-test we found that compared with patients without acute stress disorder ( N = 56), patients with acute stress disorder ( N = 64) were more likely to be victims of armed robbery ( p = .02), of a bullet ( p = .04), of having wounds with fracture ( p = .03) or neurological damage ( p = .05). In multivariate logistic regression, wounds with neurological damage [OR = 2.23 (1.03-6.05)] and maladaptive emotion regulation, namely self-blame [OR = 1.71 (1.01-3.21)] and rumination [OR = 1.97 (1.04-4.13)], were significant predictors of acute stress disorder.

          Conclusion: Acute stress disorder was prevalent in the aftermath of violence induced injuries and might be associated with emotion regulation strategies such as self-blame and rumination.

          HIGHLIGHTS

          • Acute stress disorder is strongly associated with maladaptive emotion regulation strategies such as self-blame and rumination.

          • Interventions targeting emotion regulation may reduce acute stress reactions in the aftermath of violence induced injuries.

          Translated abstract

          Antecedentes: La República Democrática del Congo atravesó más de 25 años de guerra, resultando en millones de muertos y en los sobrevivientes experimentando trastornos relacionados con trauma. Los factores que contribuyen a desarrollar un trastorno de estrés agudo después de un evento traumático permanecen poco comprendidos. La regulación emocional podría jugar un rol en el desarrollo del trastorno de estrés agudo entre las víctimas de violencia relacionada con la guerra.

          Objetivos: Evaluamos la asociación entre la expresión del trastorno de estrés agudo y estrategias cognitivas de regulación emocional entre las víctimas de violencia lesionadas en el este de la República Democrática del Congo.

          Métodos: Este estudio transversal incluyó a 120 pacientes (77% varones, edad media 30 ± 11 años) con heridas traumáticas ingresados al Hospital General de Bukavu. Evaluamos el trastorno de estrés agudo a través del Cuestionario de Reacción Aguda al Estrés de Stanford y estrategias de regulación emocional a través del Cuestionario de Regulación Emocional Cognitiva.

          Resultados: Usando el Chi2 de Pearson y la prueba de t de Student encontramos que en comparación con pacientes sin trastorno de estrés agudo ( N=56), los pacientes con trastorno de estrés agudo ( N=64) fueron más probablemente víctimas de robo a mano armada ( p=.02), de bala ( p=.04), de tener heridas con fractura ( p=.03) o daño neurológico [OR= 2.23 (1.03-6.05)] y regulación emocional desadaptativa, esto es, culpa [OR= 1.71 (1.01-3.21)] y rumiación [OR= 1.97 (1.04-4.13)], fueron predictores significativos de trastorno de estrés agudo.

          Conclusión: El trastorno de estrés agudo fue prevalente después de lesiones provocadas por violencia y podría asociarse con estrategias de regulación emocional como la culpa y la rumiación.

          Translated abstract

          背景:刚果民主共和国经历了超过 25 年的战争,导致数百万人死亡,幸存者挣扎于创伤相关疾病中。创伤事件后导致急性应激障碍的因素仍然知之甚少。情绪调节可能在战争相关暴力受害者的急性应激障碍发展中起到作用。

          目的:我们评估了刚果民主共和国东部暴力受害者的急性应激障碍表现与情绪调节认知策略之间的关联。

          方法:本横断面研究纳入了 120 名收治于布卡武综合医院收治有创伤性伤口的患者(77% 男性,平均年龄 30 ± 11 岁)。我们通过斯坦福急性反应应激问卷评估急性应激障碍,并通过认知情绪调节问卷评估情绪调节策略。

          结果:使用皮尔逊卡方和司徒顿 t 检验,我们发现与无急性应激障碍的患者( N=56)相比,急性应激障碍患者( N=64)更有可能是持械抢劫的受害者( p=.02) ,有子弹( p = .04)、骨折( p = .03)或神经损伤( p = 0.05)的受伤。在多元逻辑回归中,神经损伤的受伤 [OR = 2.23(1.03-6.05)]和适应不良情绪调节,即自责[OR = 1.71(1.01-3.21)]和反刍[OR=1.97(1.04-4.13)] ,是急性应激障碍的显著预测因子。

          结论:急性应激障碍在暴力致伤后普遍存在,可能与自责、反刍等情绪调节策略有关。

          Abbreviations: ASD: Acute stress Disorder, CERQ: Emotion regulation was assessed by the Cognitive emotional regulation questionnaire; OR: Odd Ratio; PTSD: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder; SARSQ: Stanford Acute Reaction Stress Questionnaire; SD: Standard Deviation

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          Association of sexual violence and human rights violations with physical and mental health in territories of the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.

          Studies from the Eastern Region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) have provided anecdotal reports of sexual violence. This study offers a population-based assessment of the prevalence of sexual violence and human rights abuses in specific territories within Eastern DRC. To assess the prevalence of and correlations with sexual violence and human rights violations on residents of specific territories of Eastern DRC including information on basic needs, health care access, and physical and mental health. A cross-sectional, population-based, cluster survey of 998 adults aged 18 years or older using structured interviews and questionnaires, conducted over a 4-week period in March 2010. Sexual violence prevalence and characteristics, symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), human rights abuses, and physical and mental health needs among Congolese adults in specific territories of Eastern DRC. Of the 1005 households surveyed 998 households participated, yielding a response rate of 98.9%. Rates of reported sexual violence were 39.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 32.2%-47.2%; n = 224/586) among women and 23.6% (95% CI, 17.3%-29.9%; n = 107/399) among men. Women reported to have perpetrated conflict-related sexual violence in 41.1% (95% CI, 25.6%-56.6%; n = 54/148) of female cases and 10.0% (95% CI, 1.5%-18.4%; n = 8/66) of male cases. Sixty-seven percent (95% CI, 59.0%-74.5%; n = 615/998) of households reported incidents of conflict-related human rights abuses. Forty-one percent (95% CI, 35.3%-45.8%; n = 374/991) of the represented adult population met symptom criteria for MDD and 50.1% (95% CI, 43.8%-56.3%; n = 470/989) for PTSD. Self-reported sexual violence and other human rights violations were prevalent in specific territories of Eastern DRC and were associated with physical and mental health outcomes.
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            EMOTION REGULATION: A THEME IN SEARCH OF DEFINITION

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              Psychometric properties of the Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire (SASRQ): a valid and reliable measure of acute stress.

              A reliable and valid measure is needed for assessing the psychological symptoms experienced in the aftermath of a traumatic event. Previous research suggests that trauma victims typically experience dissociative, anxiety and other symptoms, during or shortly after a traumatic event. Although some of these symptoms may protect the trauma victim from pain, they may also lead to acute stress, posttraumatic stress, or other disorders. The Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire (SASRQ) was developed to evaluate anxiety and dissociation symptoms in the aftermath of traumatic events, following DSM-IV criteria for acute stress disorder. We present data from multiple datasets and analyses supporting the reliability and construct, convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity of the SASRQ.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Taylor & Francis
                2000-8066
                15 August 2022
                2022
                15 August 2022
                : 13
                : 2
                : 2109930
                Affiliations
                [a ]Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu, Université Catholique de Bukavu , Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
                [b ]Adult Psychiatry, Department and Institute of Neuroscience, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain , Brussels, Belgium
                [c ]Louvain Experimental Psychopathology research group (LEP), Psychological Sciences Research Institute , Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
                [d ]Institut Supérieur des Techniques Médicales de Bukavu , Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
                Author notes
                [CONTACT ] Achille Bapolisi achilami@ 123456yahoo.fr Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu, Université Catholique de Bukavu , 12, avenue Mahenge, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo Adult Psychiatry, Department and Institute of Neuroscience, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium

                Supplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2022.2109930.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9629-516X
                Article
                2109930
                10.1080/20008066.2022.2109930
                9397411
                36016843
                94215a89-bf25-458b-8d73-5f7a037af6f6
                © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 14, Pages: 5
                Categories
                Letter to the Editor
                Letter to the Editor

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                acute stress disorder,regulation of emotion,injury,trauma,democratic republic of the congo,trastorno de estrés agudo,regulación de la emoción,lesión,republica democrática del congo,急性应激障碍,情绪调节,受伤,创伤,刚果民主共和国

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