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      Antioxidant Properties of Polysaccharide from the Brown Seaweed Sargassum graminifolium (Turn.), and Its Effects on Calcium Oxalate Crystallization

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          Abstract

          We investigated the effects of polysaccharides from the brown seaweed Sargassum graminifolium (Turn.) (SGP) on calcium oxalate crystallization, and determined its antioxidant activities. To examine the effects of SGP on calcium oxalate crystallization, we monitored nucleation and aggregation of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals, using trisodium citrate as a positive control. We assessed antioxidant activities of SGP by determining its reducing power, its ability to scavenge superoxide radicals, and its activity in the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The nucleation inhibition ratio of trisodium citrate and SGP was 58.5 and 69.2%, respectively, and crystal aggregation was inhibited by 71.4 and 76.8%, respectively. Increasing concentrations of SGP resulted in increased scavenging of superoxide anions and DPPH radicals (IC 50 = 1.9 and 0.6 mg/mL, respectively). These results suggest that SGP could be a candidate for treating urinary stones because of its ability to inhibit calcium oxalate crystallization and its antioxidant properties.

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          In vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity of aqueous extract from Choerospondias axillaris fruit

          Hua Wang, Xiang-Dong Gao, Gao Zhou … (2008)
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            In vitro antiviral activities of sulfated polysaccharides from a marine microalga (Cochlodinium polykrikoides) against human immunodeficiency virus and other enveloped viruses.

            Masahiko Hasui, Masahiro Matsuda, Koichi Okutani … (1995)
            A marine microalga, Cochlodinium polykrikoides, produces extracellular sulfated polysaccharides. Isolation and purification of the polysaccharides were accomplished by precipitation with ethanol and Cetavlon, followed by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography (polysaccharides A1 and A2). These polysaccharides, which were homogeneous when analysed by both ultracentrifugal and electrophoretic methods, were composed of mannose, galactose, glucose and uronic acid, together with sulfate groups (S = 7-8% w/w). Both A1 and A2 inhibited the cytopathic effect of influenza virus types A and B in MDCK cells, that of respiratory syncytial virus types A and B in HEp-2 cells, that of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in MT-4 cells; and, except A1 for herpes simplex virus type 1 and A2 for parainfluenza virus type 2 in HMV-2 cells, the cochlodinium polysaccharides showed no antiviral activity against parainfluenza virus types 2 and 3, measles virus, mumps virus or herpes simplex virus type 1 in HMV-2 cells. No cytotoxicity for host cells was observed with these polysaccharides at a concentration of 100 micrograms ml-1. Inhibitory effects on various viruses were achieved at concentrations that were not markedly inhibitory to the blood coagulation process.
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              Recurrent renal stone disease-advances in pathogenesis and clinical management.

              Marc A. Meyers, G Bihl (2001)
              Kidney stones are common in industrialised nations: up to 15% of white men and 6% of all women will develop one stone, with recurrence in about half these people. Risk factors for formation of stones include urinary promoters (calcium, urate, cystine, and sodium) and urinary inhibitors (magnesium, citrate, and nephrocalcin). Acute renal colic can be precipitated by dehydration and reduced urine output, increased protein intake, heavy physical exercise, and various medicines. Such colic manifests as severe loin pain and can be accompanied by frequent urination, dysuria, oliguria, and haematuria. Documentation of stone characteristics is extremely important: type, size, location, and underlying metabolic abnormalities. Such details can be obtained with a combination of biochemical investigations, microscopic examination of urine under polarised light, and an intravenous pyelogram. Ultrasonography and plain abdominal radiographs are also useful, especially for patients unable to tolerate an intravenous pyelogram. Acute therapy includes complete pain relief, rehydration, and encouragement of diuresis. Long-term management encompasses education of patients with regard to diet and fluid intake, control of calciuria, citrate replacement, and treatment of any underlying urinary-tract infection or metabolic abnormality. Stones smaller than 5 mm normally pass spontaneously, whereas larger stones, as big as 2 cm, are best treated with extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy. All physicians should have a clear understanding of the pathogenesis and clinical management (acute treatment and prevention of recurrence) of renal stone disease.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Mar Drugs
                Journal ID (publisher-id): marinedrugs
                Title: Marine Drugs
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1660-3397
                Publication date (Electronic): 16 January 2012
                Publication date Collection: January 2012
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 119-130
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Research Center of Analysis and Testing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
                [2 ] College of Food Science and Technology, Institutes of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Email: chyzhang@ 123456shou.edu.cn (C.-Y.Z.); whwu@ 123456shou.edu.cn (W.-H.W.); wangqilung@ 123456126.com (J.W.)
                Author notes
                [* ] Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; Email: minbolan@ 123456ecust.edu.cn ; Tel./Fax: +86-021-64253574.
                Article
                Publisher ID: marinedrugs-10-00119
                DOI: 10.3390/md10010119
                PMC ID: 3280541
                PubMed ID: 22363225
                SO-VID: 93e0d5ad-7286-4ccd-bf88-55928f564031
                Copyright © © 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland
                License:

                This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 24 November 2011
                Date revision received : 02 January 2012
                Date accepted : 05 January 2012
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: sargassum graminifolium,polysaccharide,antioxidant,calcium oxalate crystallization
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: sargassum graminifolium, polysaccharide, antioxidant, calcium oxalate crystallization

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