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      Gut microbiota comparison of vaginally and cesarean born infants exclusively breastfed by mothers secreting α1–2 fucosylated oligosaccharides in breast milk

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          Abstract

          Background

          Exclusive breastfeeding promotes beneficial modifications on the microbiota of cesarean born infants, but little is known about the role of specific breast milk components in this modulation. Women with an active FUT2 gene (called secretors) secrete α1–2 fucosylated human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which promote Bifidobacterium in the infant’s gut and may modulate the microbiota of cesarean born infants.

          Objective

          To compare the microbiota composition of cesarean and vaginally born infants breastfed by secretor mothers.

          Methods

          Maternal secretor status was determined by the occurrence of 4 different α1–2 fucosylated HMOs in breast milk by LC-MS. The fecal microbiota composition from cesarean and vaginally born infants was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and qPCR, stratified by the maternal secretor status, and compared.

          Results

          Alpha and beta diversity were not significantly different in cesarean born, secretor-fed infants (CSe+) compared to vaginally born, secretor-fed infants (VSe+). There were no significant differences in the fecal relative abundance of Bifidobacterium between CSe+ and VSe+ infants, but the prevalence of the species B. longum was lower in CSe+. The fecal relative abundance of Bacteroides was also lower, while Akkermansia and Kluyvera were higher in CSe+ infants.

          Conclusion

          Cesarean and vaginally born infants fed with breast milk containing the α1–2 fucosylated HMOs fraction present similar amounts of Bifidobacterium in the feces, but differences are observed in other members of the microbiota.

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          Most cited references54

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          Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing

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            The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools

            SILVA (from Latin silva, forest, http://www.arb-silva.de) is a comprehensive web resource for up to date, quality-controlled databases of aligned ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences from the Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryota domains and supplementary online services. The referred database release 111 (July 2012) contains 3 194 778 small subunit and 288 717 large subunit rRNA gene sequences. Since the initial description of the project, substantial new features have been introduced, including advanced quality control procedures, an improved rRNA gene aligner, online tools for probe and primer evaluation and optimized browsing, searching and downloading on the website. Furthermore, the extensively curated SILVA taxonomy and the new non-redundant SILVA datasets provide an ideal reference for high-throughput classification of data from next-generation sequencing approaches.
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              QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Project administrationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                8 February 2021
                2021
                : 16
                : 2
                : e0246839
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Nutrition Postgraduate Program, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
                [2 ] Food Quality Control Laboratory, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
                [3 ] Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
                [4 ] School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
                [5 ] Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
                [6 ] Breastfeeding Incentive and Support Center, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
                [7 ] Department of Biophysics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
                University of Minnesota Twin Cities, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5938-7831
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1694-8851
                Article
                PONE-D-20-27561
                10.1371/journal.pone.0246839
                7870049
                33556125
                93c82517-e8b2-431a-b8ff-8d80b1b3e34a
                © 2021 Tonon et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 2 September 2020
                : 26 January 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 4, Pages: 15
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001807, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo;
                Award ID: 2014/13514-5
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003593, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico;
                Award ID: 142327/2013-1
                Award Recipient :
                KMT received funds from the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (grant #142327/2013-1) and TBM received funds from the São Paulo Research Foundation (grant #2014/13514-5) to support this research. The URL for the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development is as follows: http://www.cnpq.br/. The URL for the São Paulo Research Foundation is as follows: http://www.fapesp.br/. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Age Groups
                Children
                Infants
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Families
                Children
                Infants
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Bacteria
                Gut Bacteria
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Bacteria
                Gut Bacteria
                Bifidobacterium
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Nutrition
                Diet
                Beverages
                Milk
                Breast Milk
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Nutrition
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                Beverages
                Milk
                Breast Milk
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Body Fluids
                Milk
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                Gut Bacteria
                Bacteroides
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                Nutrition
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                Nutrition
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                Biology and Life Sciences
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                Custom metadata
                The dataset analyzed during the current study is available in the Sequence Read Archive repository, under accession number PRJNA615250 [ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/PRJNA615250].

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