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      The Imperative for Transgender and Gender Nonbinary Inclusion : Beyond Women's Health

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          Abstract

          We describe barriers to clinical care and research participation unique to transgender and gender nonbinary people and offer concrete suggestions for creating more inclusive environments.

          Abstract

          We aim to make evident that solely referencing cisgender women in the context of sexual and reproductive health—particularly pregnancy planning and care—excludes a diverse group of transgender and gender nonbinary people who have sexual and reproductive health needs and experiences that can be similar to but also unique from those of cisgender women. We call on clinicians and researchers to ensure that all points of sexual and reproductive health access, research, sources of information, and care delivery comprehensively include and are accessible to people of all genders. We describe barriers to sexual and reproductive health care and research participation unique to people of marginalized gender identities, provide examples of harm resulting from these barriers, and offer concrete suggestions for creating inclusive, accurate, and respectful care and research environments—which will lead to higher quality health care and science for people of all genders.

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          Transgender Population Size in the United States: a Meta-Regression of Population-Based Probability Samples

          Background. Transgender individuals have a gender identity that differs from the sex they were assigned at birth. The population size of transgender individuals in the United States is not well-known, in part because official records, including the US Census, do not include data on gender identity. Population surveys today more often collect transgender-inclusive gender-identity data, and secular trends in culture and the media have created a somewhat more favorable environment for transgender people. Objectives. To estimate the current population size of transgender individuals in the United States and evaluate any trend over time. Search methods. In June and July 2016, we searched PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Web of Science for national surveys, as well as “gray” literature, through an Internet search. We limited the search to 2006 through 2016. Selection criteria. We selected population-based surveys that used probability sampling and included self-reported transgender-identity data. Data collection and analysis. We used random-effects meta-analysis to pool eligible surveys and used meta-regression to address our hypothesis that the transgender population size estimate would increase over time. We used subsample and leave-one-out analysis to assess for bias. Main results. Our meta-regression model, based on 12 surveys covering 2007 to 2015, explained 62.5% of model heterogeneity, with a significant effect for each unit increase in survey year ( F  = 17.122; df  = 1,10; b = 0.026%; P  = .002). Extrapolating these results to 2016 suggested a current US population size of 390 adults per 100 000, or almost 1 million adults nationally. This estimate may be more indicative for younger adults, who represented more than 50% of the respondents in our analysis. Authors’ conclusions. Future national surveys are likely to observe higher numbers of transgender people. The large variety in questions used to ask about transgender identity may account for residual heterogeneity in our models. Public health implications. Under- or nonrepresentation of transgender individuals in population surveys is a barrier to understanding social determinants and health disparities faced by this population. We recommend using standardized questions to identify respondents with transgender and nonbinary gender identities, which will allow a more accurate population size estimate.
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            Transgender men who experienced pregnancy after female-to-male gender transitioning.

            To conduct a cross-sectional study of transgender men who had been pregnant and delivered after transitioning from female-to-male gender to help guide practice and further investigation.
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              ‘I am not a man’: Trans-specific barriers and facilitators to PrEP acceptability among transgender women

              The frequent conflation of transgender ('trans') women with 'men who have sex with men (MSM)' in HIV prevention obscures trans women's unique gender identities, social and behavioural vulnerabilities, and their disproportionately high rates of HIV infection. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an efficacious biomedical HIV prevention approach. However, trans women are underrepresented in PrEP research, and are often aggregated with MSM without consideration for their unique positions within sociocultural contexts. This study examined PrEP acceptability among trans women via three focus groups and nine individual interviews (total N = 30) in San Francisco. While knowledge of PrEP was low, interest was relatively high once participants were informed. Due to past negative healthcare experiences, ability to obtain PrEP from a trans-competent provider was cited as essential to PrEP uptake and adherence. Participants noted that PrEP could address situations in which trans women experience reduced power to negotiate safer sex, including sex work. Trans-specific barriers included lack of trans-inclusive marketing of PrEP, prioritisation of hormone use, and medical mistrust due to transphobia. Findings underscore the importance of disaggregating trans women from MSM in HIV prevention strategies to mitigate disparate risk among this highly vulnerable population.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Obstet Gynecol
                Obstet Gynecol
                ong
                Obstetrics and Gynecology
                Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
                0029-7844
                1873-233X
                May 2020
                09 April 2020
                : 135
                : 5
                : 1059-1068
                Affiliations
                Ibis Reproductive Health, Oakland, California; the Guttmacher Institute, New York, New York; the Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; the Planned Parenthood League of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts; the Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Lyndon Cudlitz Consulting, Education & Training, Albany, New York; the Community Advisory Team, Malden, Massachusetts; the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico; Edgewood College, Madison, Wisconsin; and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Heidi Moseson, PhD, MPH, Ibis Reproductive Health, Oakland, CA; email: hmoseson@ 123456ibisreproductivehealth.org .
                Article
                ONG-19-2297 00010
                10.1097/AOG.0000000000003816
                7170432
                32282602
                937b29ef-31fa-4b65-9a98-a2d864114146
                © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.

                History
                : 13 December 2019
                : 27 January 2020
                : 30 January 2020
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