Household food security during the COVID-19 pandemic in urban and semi-urban areas in Indonesia

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Abstract

Background

One of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic was the weakening of the community's economic condition. The weak economy of the community will have an impact on household food security. This study aims to determine food security in the COVID-19 pandemic situation and the impact of the pandemic on food security in urban and semi-urban areas.

Methods

A cross-sectional study with a total sample of 517 people who live in urban (Jakarta) and semi-urban (Depok) areas. The research data was collected online and purposively through Posyandu cadres who have access to family/community. Food security was measured using HFIAS (Household Food Insecurity Access Scale) method, while impact of COVID-19 pandemic was categorized into two categories: impacted (reduced income and laid off) and less impacted (not reduced income and laid off). Data analysis used the Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression.

Results

There were 65.0% of households with various level of food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of the multivariate analysis showed that family income during the COVID-19 pandemic (AOR = 4.2; CI = 2.7–6.7), the type of impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, i.e., reduced income and stopped working (AOR = 2.6; CI = 1.6–4.1), and the age of the respondent (AOR = 1.7; CI = 1.1–2.5) were significantly related to household food security during the pandemic after being controlled by husband's work status. Households with lower income had 4 times higher risk to experience food insecurity compared to those with higher income. Heavily impacted households (through reduced income and stopped working) had 3 times higher risk to experience food insecurity compared to those who did not. Additionally, we found that households with younger respondent (< 31 years old) had 2 times higher risk to experience food insecurity compared to those older counterparts.

Conclusions

The COVID-19 pandemic impacted household food security in both urban and semi-urban areas through worsening employment status and income condition.

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Most cited references 29

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Immediate impact of stay-at-home orders to control COVID-19 transmission on socioeconomic conditions, food insecurity, mental health, and intimate partner violence in Bangladeshi women and their families: an interrupted time series

Jena Hamadani, Mohammed Hasan, Andrew Baldi … (2020)

Summary Background Stay-at-home orders (lockdowns) have been deployed globally to control COVID-19 transmission, and might impair economic conditions and mental health, and exacerbate risk of food insecurity and intimate partner violence. The effect of lockdowns in low-income and middle-income countries must be understood to ensure safe deployment of these interventions in less affluent settings. We aimed to determine the immediate impact of COVID-19 lockdown orders on women and their families in rural Bangladesh. Methods An interrupted time series was used to compare data collected from families in Rupganj upazila, rural Bangladesh (randomly selected from participants in a randomised controlled trial), on income, food security, and mental health a median of 1 year and 2 years before the COVID-19 pandemic to data collected during the lockdown. We also assessed women's experiences of intimate partner violence during the pandemic. Results Between May 19 and June 18, 2020, we randomly selected and invited the mothers of 3016 children to participate in the study, 2424 of whom provided consent. 2414 (99·9%, 95% CI 99·6–99·9) of 2417 mothers were aware of, and adhering to, the stay-at-home advice. 2321 (96·0%, 95·2–96·7) of 2417 mothers reported a reduction in paid work for the family. Median monthly family income fell from US$212 at baseline to $59 during lockdown, and the proportion of families earning less than $1·90 per day rose from five (0·2%, 0·0–0·5) of 2422 to 992 (47·3%, 45·2–49·5) of 2096 (p<0·0001 comparing baseline with lockdown period). Before the pandemic, 136 (5·6%, 4·7–6·6) of 2420 and 65 (2·7%, 2·1–3·4) of 2420 families experienced moderate and severe food insecurity, respectively. This increased to 881 (36·5%, 34·5–38·4) of 2417 and 371 (15·3%, 13·9–16·8) of 2417 during the lockdown; the number of families experiencing any level of food insecurity increased by 51·7% (48·1–55·4; p<0·0001). Mothers' depression and anxiety symptoms increased during the lockdown. Among women experiencing emotional or moderate physical violence, over half reported it had increased since the lockdown. Interpretation COVID-19 lockdowns present significant economic, psychosocial, and physical risks to the wellbeing of women and their families across economic strata in rural Bangladesh. Beyond supporting only the most socioeconomically deprived, support is needed for all affected families. Funding National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia.

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The Early Food Insecurity Impacts of COVID-19

Meredith T. Niles, Farryl M.W. Bertmann, Emily Belarmino … (2020)

COVID-19 has disrupted food access and impacted food insecurity, which is associated with numerous adverse individual and public health outcomes. To assess these challenges and understand their impact on food security, we conducted a statewide population-level survey using a convenience sample in Vermont from 29 March to 12 April 2020, during the beginning of a statewide stay-at-home order. We utilized the United States Department of Agriculture six-item validated food security module to measure food insecurity before COVID-19 and since COVID-19. We assessed food insecurity prevalence and reported food access challenges, coping strategies, and perceived helpful interventions among food secure, consistently food insecure (pre-and post-COVID-19), and newly food insecure (post COVID-19) respondents. Among 3219 respondents, there was nearly a one-third increase (32.3%) in household food insecurity since COVID-19 (p < 0.001), with 35.5% of food insecure households classified as newly food insecure. Respondents experiencing a job loss were at higher odds of experiencing food insecurity (OR 3.06; 95% CI, 2.114–0.46). We report multiple physical and economic barriers, as well as concerns related to food access during COVID-19. Respondents experiencing household food insecurity had higher odds of facing access challenges and utilizing coping strategies, including two-thirds of households eating less since COVID-19 (p < 0.001). Significant differences in coping strategies were documented between respondents in newly food insecure vs. consistently insecure households. These findings have important potential impacts on individual health, including mental health and malnutrition, as well as on future healthcare costs. We suggest proactive strategies to address food insecurity during this crisis.

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COVID-19 implications on household income and food security in Kenya and Uganda: Findings from a rapid assessment

Monica Kansiime, Justice Tambo, Ms. Idah Mugambi … (2020)

Highlights • We assessed COVID-19 implications on household income and food security using data from a rapid online survey of 442 respondents in Kenya and Uganda. • More than two-thirds of respondents experienced income shocks, and worsened food security and dietary quality as a result of COVID-19 pandemic. • Food security outcomes were worse among the income poor households and those dependent on labour income. • Labour-dependent households employed food-based coping strategies compared to salaried workers who relied on savings. • Membership in savings/loan groups was more likely than membership in national social security to mitigate respondents’ income shocks.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Ahmad Syafiq:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1874-4633

a-syafiq@ui.ac.id

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Health Popul Nutr

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Health Popul Nutr

Title: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Print): 1606-0997

ISSN (Electronic): 2072-1315

Publication date (Electronic): 21 February 2022

Publication date PMC-release: 21 February 2022

Publication date Collection: 2022

Volume: 41

Electronic Location Identifier: 4

Affiliations

GRID grid.9581.5, ISNI 0000000120191471, Center for Nutrition and Health Studies, Faculty of Public Health, , University of Indonesia, ; Building F Level 2, Faculty of Public Health University of Indonesia, Depok, West Java Indonesia

Author information

Ahmad Syafiq http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1874-4633

Article

Publisher ID: 285

DOI: 10.1186/s41043-022-00285-y

PMC ID: 8860285

PubMed ID: 34980283

SO-VID: 93372e31-b10a-45ba-9e22-b9b5a33a0b34

License:

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

History

Date received : 12 July 2021

Date accepted : 10 February 2022

Funding

Funded by: university of indonesia

Award ID: NKB-2791/UN2.RST/HKP.05.00/2020

Award Recipient : Sandra Fikawati

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics

Keywords: food security,covid-19 pandemic,urban area,semi-urban area

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics

Keywords: food security, covid-19 pandemic, urban area, semi-urban area

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Household food security during the COVID-19 pandemic in urban and semi-urban areas in Indonesia

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Most cited references 29

Immediate impact of stay-at-home orders to control COVID-19 transmission on socioeconomic conditions, food insecurity, mental health, and intimate partner violence in Bangladeshi women and their families: an interrupted time series

The Early Food Insecurity Impacts of COVID-19

COVID-19 implications on household income and food security in Kenya and Uganda: Findings from a rapid assessment

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