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      Avaliação dos níveis de citocinas e da função pulmonar de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca com circulação extracorpórea Translated title: Evaluation of cytokine levels and pulmonary function in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft Translated title: Evaluación de los niveles de citocinas y de la función pulmonar de pacientes sometidos a la cirugía cardíaca con circulación extracorpórea

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          Abstract

          JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A Síndrome da Resposta Inflamatória Sistêmica é uma ocorrência habitual em cirurgias cardíacas com circulação extracorpórea (CEC). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os níveis sistêmicos e pulmonares de citocinas e a correlação com a função pulmonar em pacientes submetidos à revascularização miocárdica (RM) com CEC. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi aprovado pela Comissão de Ética institucional, com a avaliação de 13 pacientes submetidos à RM com CEC. Após a indução anestésica, ao término da CEC, realizaram-se dosagens plasmáticas e no lavado broncoalveolar de IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 e TNF-α. Foram avaliados o tempo de CEC e de cirurgia, a relação PaO2/FiO2, o gradiente alvéolo-arterial de oxigênio (GA-aO2), o shunt e a complacência pulmonares. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância para medidas repetidas (*p < 0,05) e coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. RESULTADOS: Observaram-se aumento dos níveis de citocinas no plasma e no lavado broncoalveolar após a CEC e relação direta entre o aumento da IL-1β e a diminuição da complacência pulmonar (p = 0,0439), assim como relação inversa entre o aumento da IL-10 e a redução da complacência (p = 0,0325). O aumento da IL-6 teve relação direta com o tempo de CEC (p = 0,012), enquanto o aumento da IL-8 teve relação direta com o tempo de cirurgia (p < 0,0001). Os níveis de IL-1β, IL-8 e TNF-α foram maiores no LBA em relação ao plasma. CONCLUSÕES: Ocorre aumento dos níveis de citocinas no plasma e lavado broncoalveolar após a CEC e há correlação entre o aumento dos níveis de citocinas e o tempo de CEC e de cirurgia e as alterações na complacência pulmonar.

          Translated abstract

          BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome is commonly observed in coronary artery bypass grafts (CABG) with cardiopulmonary bypass (CB). The objective of this study was to evaluate the systemic and pulmonary levels of cytokines and their correlation with lung function in patients undergoing myocardial revascularization (MR) with CB. METHODS: This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee, and 13 patients undergoing MR with CB were evaluated. After anesthetic induction and at the end of CB, plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α were determined. The dur ation of CB and surgery, PaO2/FiO2 ratio, alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient (A-a gradient), shunt, and lung compliance were evaluated. Results were submitted to analysis of variance for repeated measurements (*p < 0.05) and Spearman's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: We observed increased levels of cytokines in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage after CB and a direct relationship between the increase in IL-1β and decrease in lung compliance (p = 0.0439), as well as the inverse relationship between the increase in IL-10 and a decrease in compliance (p = 0.0325). The increase in IL-6 was directly related to the duration of CB (p = 0.012), while the increase in IL-8 was directly related to the duration of surgery (p < 0.0001). Levels of interleukin-1β, IL-8, and TNF-α in bronchoalveolar lavage were higher than in plasma. CONCLUSIONS: There is an increase in cytokine levels in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage after CB, as well as a correlation between increased cytokine levels and CB duration and surgery and changes in lung compliance.

          Translated abstract

          JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: El Síndrome de la Respuesta Inflamatoria Sistémica es algo habitual en las cirugías cardíacas con circulación extracorpórea (CEC). El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los niveles sistémicos y pulmonares de citocinas y la correlación con la función pulmonar en los pacientes sometidos a la revascularización miocárdica (RM) con CEC. MÉTODOS: El estudio fue aprobado por la Comisión de Ética Institucional, con la evaluación de 13 pacientes sometidos a la RM con CEC. Después de la inducción anestésica al término de la CEC, se realizaron dosificaciones plasmáticas y también en el lavado broncoalveolar de IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 y TNF-α. Se evaluaron el tiempo de CEC y de cirugía, la relación PaO2/FiO2, el gradiente alvéolo-arterial de oxígeno (GA-aO2), el shunt y la complacencia pulmonares. Los resultados fueron sometidos al análisis de variancia para medidas repetidas (*p < 0,05) y al coeficiente de correlación de Spearman. RESULTADOS: Se observó un aumento en los niveles de citocinas en el plasma y en el lavado broncoalveolar después de la CEC y una relación directa entre el aumento de la IL-1β y la disminución de la complacencia pulmonar (p = 0,0439), como también una relación inversa entre el aumento de la IL-10 y la reducción de la complacencia (p = 0,0325). El aumento de la IL-6 tuvo una relación directa con el tiempo de CEC (p = 0,012), mientras que el aumento de la IL-8 tuvo una relación directa con el tiempo de cirugía (p < 0,0001). Los niveles de IL-1β, IL-8 y TNF-α fueron mayores en el LBA con relación al plasma. CONCLUSIONES: Ocurre un aumento de los niveles de citocinas en el plasma y en el lavado broncoalveolar después de la CEC, con una correlación entre el aumento de los niveles de citocinas y el tiempo de CEC y de cirugía, y las alteraciones en la complacencia pulmonar.

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          Most cited references37

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          Cardiopulmonary bypass induced inflammation: pathophysiology and treatment. An update.

          Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) induces an acute phase reaction that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several postoperative complications. Recent data indicate that a complex sequence of events leads to the final activation of leukocytes and endothelial cells (EC), which is responsible for cell dysfunction in different organs. Activation of the contact system, endotoxemia, ischemia and reperfusion injury and surgical trauma are all potential triggers of inflammation following CPB. Different pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators (cytokines, adhesion molecules) are involved and their release is mediated by intracellular transcription factors (nuclear factor-kappa B, NF-kappa B). In this review, we examine recent advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of the CPB-induced acute phase reaction and evaluate the different pharmacological, technical and surgical strategies used to reduce its effects. Emphasis is given to the central role of transcription factor NF-kappa B in the complex mechanism of the inflammatory reaction and to the effects of compounds such as heparin and glycosaminoglycans, phosphodiesterase inhibitors and protease inhibitors whose role as anti-inflammatory agent has only recently been recognized.
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            Fundamentals of biostatistics

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              Cytokine signaling--regulation of the immune response in normal and critically ill states.

              Cytokines are produced during the activation of innate and acquired immunity, and are the principal means for intercellular communication of a microbial invasion. Cytokines serve to initiate the inflammatory response and to define the magnitude and the nature of the acquired immune response. The response of critically ill patients to their injury and/or invading pathogens is dependent, in large part, on the pattern of cytokines which are produced. The immunologic response of critically ill patients can vary from a strongly proinflammatory response, characterized by increased production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1, interferon (IFN)-gamma, and IL-12 to one predominantly of anergy, characterized by increased production of T(H)2 cytokines, like IL-10 and to IL-4. Therapeutic efforts to modify the host immune response in critical illness will require a more thorough understanding of the cytokine milieu and the factors that determine their production.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rba
                Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia
                Rev. Bras. Anestesiol.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia (Campinas )
                1806-907X
                June 2011
                : 61
                : 3
                : 280-285
                Affiliations
                [1 ] UNIANEST
                [2 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                [3 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                [4 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                [5 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                [6 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                Article
                S0034-70942011000300002
                10.1590/S0034-70942011000300002
                92455684-77b5-4516-8d67-894a53431afa

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0034-7094&lng=en
                Categories
                ANESTHESIOLOGY

                Anesthesiology & Pain management
                Cytokines,Myocardial Revascularization,Extracorporeal Circulation,Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome,Respiratory Function Tests,CIRUGÍA, Cardiaca,Circulación extracorpórea,CITOCINAS,FISIOPATOLOGIA,TECNICAS DE MEDICIÓN, Testes de funcion pulmonar,CIRURGIA, Cardíaca,EQUIPAMENTOS, Oxigenador,FARMACOLOGIA,TÉCNICAS DE MEDIÇÃO, Testes de função pulmonar

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