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      Quality standards in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a position statement of the British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland (AUGIS)

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          Abstract

          This document represents the first position statement produced by the British Society of Gastroenterology and Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland, setting out the minimum expected standards in diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. The need for this statement has arisen from the recognition that while technical competence can be rapidly acquired, in practice the performance of a high-quality examination is variable, with an unacceptably high rate of failure to diagnose cancer at endoscopy. The importance of detecting early neoplasia has taken on greater significance in this era of minimally invasive, organ-preserving endoscopic therapy. In this position statement we describe 38 recommendations to improve diagnostic endoscopy quality. Our goal is to emphasise practices that encourage mucosal inspection and lesion recognition, with the aim of optimising the early diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal disease and improving patient outcomes.

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          Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (ToGA): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial.

          Trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody against human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2; also known as ERBB2), was investigated in combination with chemotherapy for first-line treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer. ToGA (Trastuzumab for Gastric Cancer) was an open-label, international, phase 3, randomised controlled trial undertaken in 122 centres in 24 countries. Patients with gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer were eligible for inclusion if their tumours showed overexpression of HER2 protein by immunohistochemistry or gene amplification by fluorescence in-situ hybridisation. Participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive a chemotherapy regimen consisting of capecitabine plus cisplatin or fluorouracil plus cisplatin given every 3 weeks for six cycles or chemotherapy in combination with intravenous trastuzumab. Allocation was by block randomisation stratified by Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, chemotherapy regimen, extent of disease, primary cancer site, and measurability of disease, implemented with a central interactive voice recognition system. The primary endpoint was overall survival in all randomised patients who received study medication at least once. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01041404. 594 patients were randomly assigned to study treatment (trastuzumab plus chemotherapy, n=298; chemotherapy alone, n=296), of whom 584 were included in the primary analysis (n=294; n=290). Median follow-up was 18.6 months (IQR 11-25) in the trastuzumab plus chemotherapy group and 17.1 months (9-25) in the chemotherapy alone group. Median overall survival was 13.8 months (95% CI 12-16) in those assigned to trastuzumab plus chemotherapy compared with 11.1 months (10-13) in those assigned to chemotherapy alone (hazard ratio 0.74; 95% CI 0.60-0.91; p=0.0046). The most common adverse events in both groups were nausea (trastuzumab plus chemotherapy, 197 [67%] vs chemotherapy alone, 184 [63%]), vomiting (147 [50%] vs 134 [46%]), and neutropenia (157 [53%] vs 165 [57%]). Rates of overall grade 3 or 4 adverse events (201 [68%] vs 198 [68%]) and cardiac adverse events (17 [6%] vs 18 [6%]) did not differ between groups. Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy can be considered as a new standard option for patients with HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer. F Hoffmann-La Roche. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            The well-built clinical question: a key to evidence-based decisions

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              Global incidence of oesophageal cancer by histological subtype in 2012.

              The two major histological types of oesophageal cancer--adenocarcinoma (AC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)--are known to differ greatly in terms of risk factors and epidemiology. To date, global incidence estimates for individual subtypes are still lacking. This study for the first time quantified the global burden of oesophageal cancer by histological subtype. Where available, data from Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Vol. X (CI5X) were used to compute, age-specific, sex-specific and country-specific proportions of AC and SCC. Nine regional averages were computed for countries without CI5X data. The proportions were then applied to all oesophageal cancer cases from GLOBOCAN 2012 and age-standardised incidence rates calculated for both histological types. Worldwide, an estimated 398,000 SCCs and 52,000 ACs of the oesophagus occurred in 2012, translating to incidence rates of 5.2 and 0.7 per 100,000, respectively. Although SCCs were most common in South-Eastern and Central Asia (79% of the total global SCC cases), the highest burden of AC was found in Northern and Western Europe, Northern America and Oceania (46% of the total global AC cases). Men had substantially higher incidence than women, especially in the case of AC (male to female ratio AC: 4.4; SCC: 2.7). These first global estimates of oesophageal cancer incidence by histology suggested a high concentration of AC in high-income countries with men being at much greater risk. This quantification of incidence will aid health policy makers to plan appropriate cancer control measures in the future. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Gut
                Gut
                gutjnl
                gut
                Gut
                BMJ Publishing Group (BMA House, Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9JR )
                0017-5749
                1468-3288
                November 2017
                18 August 2017
                : 66
                : 11
                : 1886-1899
                Affiliations
                [1 ]departmentDepartment of Gastroenterology , NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Centre, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust , Nottingham, UK
                [2 ]departmentDepartment of Surgery , Sheffield Teaching Hospitals , Sheffield, UK
                [3 ]departmentDepartment of Gastroenterology , University College London Hospitals , London, UK
                [4 ]departmentDepartment of Gastroenterology , Sandwell General Hospital , West Bromwich, UK
                [5 ]departmentDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Physiology , Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, UK
                [6 ]departmentDepartment of Gastroenterology , Sheffield Teaching Hospitals , Sheffield, UK
                [7 ]departmentDepartment of Gastroenterology , Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Cheltenham, UK
                [8 ]departmentDepartment of Gastroenterology , Wye Valley NHS Trust , Herefordshire, UK
                [9 ]departmentDepartment of Gastroenterology , Queen Alexandra Hospital , Portsmouth, UK
                [10 ]departmentDepartment of Histopathology , Nottingham University Hospitals NHS trust , Nottingham, UK
                [11 ]departmentDepartment of Gastroenterology , New Cross Hospital , Wolverhampton, UK
                Author notes
                [Correspondence to ] Professor Krish Ragunath, NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Centre, Queens Medical Centre Campus, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; k.ragunath@ 123456nottingham.ac.uk
                Article
                gutjnl-2017-314109
                10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314109
                5739858
                28821598
                91ed280a-1913-48cd-bdad-dcf394ab9871
                © Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.

                This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

                History
                : 31 March 2017
                : 26 June 2017
                : 12 July 2017
                Categories
                Guidelines
                1506
                2312
                Custom metadata
                unlocked

                Gastroenterology & Hepatology
                ogd,quality,early upper gastro-intestinal cancer,key performance indicators

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