The Effect of Garlic Tablets on the Endometriosis-Related Pains: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial – ScienceOpen
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      The Effect of Garlic Tablets on the Endometriosis-Related Pains: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

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          Abstract

          Endometriosis is a common chronic inflammatory disease. Garlic contains components that have antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative effects. The current study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of garlic on endometriosis symptoms. This was a randomized placebo-controlled triple-blind clinical trial. A convenience sample of 60 women was randomly allocated into two groups. The intervention group received usual care supplemented with 400 mg garlic tablets, and the placebo group received identical placebo tablets. A four-part Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to measure the severity of pains. The pains were measured on four occasions (before the intervention and on one-, two-, and three-month follow-ups). Data were analyzed using the t-test, chi-square, repeated measures ANOVA, and ANCOVA by SPSS 16. The overall severity of pain reduced from 6.51 ± 0.86 to 1.83 ± 1.25 in the intervention group ( p < 0.05). It increased from 6.41 ± 1.12 to 6.65 ± 1.37 in the control group ( p = 0.02). The repeated measures ANOVA showed that there is a significant difference in the change of pain scores between intervention and control groups ( p < 0.001, np2 = 0.572). Garlic extract can reduce pelvic and back pain, dysmenorrhea, and dyspareunia which are important symptoms of endometriosis.

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          Studies comparing Numerical Rating Scales, Verbal Rating Scales, and Visual Analogue Scales for assessment of pain intensity in adults: a systematic literature review.

          The use of unidimensional pain scales such as the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), Verbal Rating Scale (VRS), or Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) is recommended for assessment of pain intensity (PI). A literature review of studies specifically comparing the NRS, VRS, and/or VAS for unidimensional self-report of PI was performed as part of the work of the European Palliative Care Research Collaborative on pain assessment. To investigate the use and performance of unidimensional pain scales, with specific emphasis on the NRSs. A systematic search was performed, including citations through April 2010. All abstracts were evaluated by two persons according to specified criteria. Fifty-four of 239 papers were included. Postoperative PI was most frequently studied; six studies were in cancer. Eight versions of the NRS (NRS-6 to NRS-101) were used in 37 studies; a total of 41 NRSs were tested. Twenty-four different descriptors (15 for the NRSs) were used to anchor the extremes. When compared with the VAS and VRS, NRSs had better compliance in 15 of 19 studies reporting this, and were the recommended tool in 11 studies on the basis of higher compliance rates, better responsiveness and ease of use, and good applicability relative to VAS/VRS. Twenty-nine studies gave no preference. Many studies showed wide distributions of NRS scores within each category of the VRSs. Overall, NRS and VAS scores corresponded, with a few exceptions of systematically higher VAS scores. NRSs are applicable for unidimensional assessment of PI in most settings. Whether the variability in anchors and response options directly influences the numerical scores needs to be empirically tested. This will aid in the work toward a consensus-based, standardized measure. Copyright © 2011 U.S. Cancer Pain Relief Committee. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            Anxiety and depression in patients with endometriosis: impact and management challenges

            Endometriosis is one of the most common gynecological diseases and affects ~10% of women in reproductive age. The most common clinical signs of endometriosis are menstrual irregularities, chronic pelvic pain (CPP), dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia and infertility. Symptoms of endometriosis often affect psychological and social functioning of patients. For this reason, endometriosis is considered as a disabling condition that may significantly compromise social relationships, sexuality and mental health. Considering this point, the aim of this narrative review is to elucidate the impact of anxiety and depression in the management of women with endometriosis. Psychological factors have an important role in determining the severity of symptoms, and women who suffer from endometriosis report high levels of anxiety, depression and other psychiatric disorders. In addition, endometriosis is one of the most important causes of CPP; women with endometriosis suffer from a wide range of pelvic pain such as dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, nonmenstrual (chronic) pelvic pain, pain at ovulation, dyschezia and dysuria. Several studies have underlined the influence of CPP on quality of life and psychological well-being of women with endometriosis. Data suggest that the experience of pelvic pain is an important component of endometriosis and may significantly affect emotive functioning of affected women. It has been demonstrated that high levels of anxiety and depression can amplify the severity of pain. Further studies are needed to better understand the relationship between psychological factors and perception of pain. Treatment of endometriosis may be hormonal or surgical. Surgery is the primary treatment for more severe forms of endometriosis. There are few data in the literature about the influence of psychological factors and psychiatric comorbidities on the effectiveness of treatments. It is important to evaluate the presence of previous psychiatric diseases in order to select the most appropriate treatment for the patient.
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              Impact of endometriosis on quality of life and mental health: pelvic pain makes the difference.

              No prior study of endometriosis has investigated the psychological impact of having asymptomatic endometriosis versus endometriosis with pelvic pain in a systematic way. This study aimed at examining the impact of endometriosis on quality of life, anxiety and depression by comparing asymptomatic endometriosis, endometriosis with pelvic pain, and healthy, pain-free controls. The psychological impact of different types of endometriosis pain was also tested.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
                Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
                ECAM
                Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM
                Hindawi
                1741-427X
                1741-4288
                2021
                20 July 2021
                20 July 2021
                : 2021
                : 5547058
                Affiliations
                1Department of Reproductive Health Midwifery, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
                2Vali-E-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
                3Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
                4Medicinal Plants Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
                5Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Chan-Yen Kuo

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3744-6578
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4708-3590
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7634-4801
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3760-5524
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3112-042X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3672-7266
                Article
                10.1155/2021/5547058
                8315864
                34335819
                91d2f02f-baf7-4028-9828-18c37b647d59
                Copyright © 2021 Sudabeh Amirsalari et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 28 January 2021
                : 13 July 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: Tehran University of Medical Sciences
                Categories
                Research Article

                Complementary & Alternative medicine
                Complementary & Alternative medicine

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