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      Caracterización de la mortalidad fetal tardía en Villa Clara Translated title: Characterization of Late Fetal Mortality in Villa Clara

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          Abstract

          Fundamento: Eventos como la mortalidad fetal tardía agreden la evolución normal esperada en el embarazo, con una connotación en la mujer, la pareja y la comunidad. Objetivo: Caracterizar la mortalidad fetal tardía según factores asociados. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de las 74 muertes fetales registradas en el Hospital Universitario Ginecoobstétrico Mariana Grajales de Santa Clara, durante los años 2009 y 2010. Se analizaron las variables: edad materna, antecedentes patológicos personales maternos, edad gestacional al momento de la muerte fetal, lugar y momento de ocurrencia y causas de la muerte. Resultados: El 67,6 % de las gestantes tenían entre 20 y 35 años. La hipertensión arterial crónica y el asma bronquial fueron los antecedentes patológicos personales de mayor incidencia entre las gestantes. Ocurrieron los óbitos fetales en una edad gestacional entre 28 y 36,6 semanas fundamentalmente. El 52,7 % de las muertes ocurrieron fuera del hospital y antes del parto en 55 casos (74,3 %). Resultaron las causas más frecuentes las idiopáticas y los trastornos hipertensivos de la gestación. Conclusiones: Es necesario intensificar el control del riesgo reproductivo preconcepcional y la atención prenatal, pues sin dudas, aunque mucho se ha logrado en este sentido, los resultados del estudio muestran que en alguna medida las causas de los óbitos fetales fueron prevenibles.

          Translated abstract

          Background: Events like late fetal mortality alter the regular, expected course of pregnancy. This carries a negative connotation for the woman, the couple and the community. Objective: To characterize late fetal mortality according to associated factors. Methods: A descriptive study of the 74 fetal deaths registered in the ’Mariana Grajales’ Gynecological and Obstetric University Hospital of Santa Clara during 2009 and 2010 was conducted. The following variables were analyzed: maternal age, maternal personal medical history, gestational age at the time of fetal death, place and time of occurrence and death causes. Results: 67.6% of pregnant women had from 20 to 35 years old. Chronic hypertension and bronchial asthma were the most prevalent antecedents among pregnant women. Stillbirths occurred mostly at a gestational age between 28 and 36.6 weeks. 52.7% of deaths occurred outside the hospital and prior to delivery in 55 cases (74.3%). Idiopathic causes and hypertensive disorders were the most frequent causes. Conclusions: It is necessary to intensify reproductive preconception risk control and prenatal care. Even when certainly much has been achieved in this area, the results of this study show that, to some extent, the causes of fetal deaths were preventable.

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          Classification of stillbirth by relevant condition at death (ReCoDe): population based cohort study.

          To develop and test a new classification system for stillbirths to help improve understanding of the main causes and conditions associated with fetal death. Population based cohort study. West Midlands region. 2625 stillbirths from 1997 to 2003. Categories of death according to conventional classification methods and a newly developed system (ReCoDe, relevant condition at death). By the conventional Wigglesworth classification, 66.2% of the stillbirths (1738 of 2625) were unexplained. The median gestational age of the unexplained group was 237 days, significantly higher than the stillbirths in the other categories (210 days; P < 0.001). The proportion of stillbirths that were unexplained was high regardless of whether a postmortem examination had been carried out or not (67% and 65%; P = 0.3). By the ReCoDe classification, the most common condition was fetal growth restriction (43.0%), and only 15.2% of stillbirths remained unexplained. ReCoDe identified 57.7% of the Wigglesworth unexplained stillbirths as growth restricted. The size of the category for intrapartum asphyxia was reduced from 11.7% (Wigglesworth) to 3.4% (ReCoDe). The new ReCoDe classification system reduces the predominance of stillbirths currently categorised as unexplained. Fetal growth restriction is a common antecedent of stillbirth, but its high prevalence is hidden by current classification systems. This finding has profound implications for maternity services, and raises the question whether some hitherto "unexplained" stillbirths may be avoidable.
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            Two million intrapartum-related stillbirths and neonatal deaths: where, why, and what can be done?

            Intrapartum-related neonatal deaths ("birth asphyxia") are a leading cause of child mortality globally, outnumbering deaths from malaria. Reduction is crucial to meeting the fourth Millennium Development Goal (MDG), and is intimately linked to intrapartum stillbirths as well as maternal health and MDG 5, yet there is a lack of consensus on what works, especially in weak health systems. To clarify terminology for intrapartum-related outcomes; to describe the intrapartum-related global burden; to present current coverage and trends for care at birth; and to outline aims and methods for this comprehensive 7-paper supplement reviewing strategies to reduce intrapartum-related deaths. Birth is a critical time for the mother and fetus with an estimated 1.02 million intrapartum stillbirths, 904,000 intrapartum-related neonatal deaths, and around 42% of the 535,900 maternal deaths each year. Most of the burden (99%) occurs in low- and middle-income countries. Intrapartum-related neonatal mortality rates are 25-fold higher in the lowest income countries and intrapartum stillbirth rates are up to 50-fold higher. Maternal risk factors and delays in accessing care are critical contributors. The rural poor are at particular risk, and also have the lowest coverage of skilled care at birth. Almost 30,000 abstracts were searched and the evidence is evaluated and reported in the 6 subsequent papers. Each year the deaths of 2 million babies are linked to complications during birth and the burden is inequitably carried by the poor. Evidence-based strategies are urgently needed to reduce the burden of intrapartum-related deaths particularly in low- and middle-income settings where 60 million women give birth at home.
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              Etiology and prevention of stillbirth.

              This is a systematic review of the literature on the causes of stillbirth and clinical opinion regarding strategies for its prevention. We reviewed the causes of stillbirth by performing a Medline search limited to articles in English published in core clinical journals from January 1, 1995, to January 1, 2005. Articles before this date were included if they added historical information relevant to the topic. A total of 1445 articles obtained, 113 were the basis of this review and chosen based on the criterion that stillbirth or fetal death was central to the article. Fifteen risk factors for stillbirths were identified and the prevalence of these conditions and associated risks are presented The most prevalent risk factors for stillbirth are prepregnancy obesity, socioeconomic factors, and advanced maternal age. Biologic markers associated with increased stillbirth risk are also reviewed, and strategies for its prevention identified. Identification of risk factors for stillbirth assists the clinician in performing a risk assessment for each patient. Unexplained stillbirths and stillbirths related to growth restriction are the 2 categories of death that contribute the most to late fetal losses. Late pregnancy is associated with an increasing risk of stillbirth, and clinicians should have a low threshold to evaluate fetal growth. The value of antepartum testing is related to the underlying risk of stillbirth and, although the strategy of antepartum testing in patients with increased risk will decrease the risk of late fetal loss, it is of necessity associated with higher intervention rates.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ms
                MediSur
                Medisur
                Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Cienfuegos, Centro Provincial de Ciencias Médicas, Provincia de Cienfuegos. (Cienfuegos, , Cuba )
                1727-897X
                October 2011
                : 9
                : 5
                : 452-456
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameHospital Universitario Ginecoobstétrico Mariana Grajales Cuba
                Article
                S1727-897X2011000500007 S1727-897X(11)00900507
                9167802c-a1f4-4f36-83db-942685347db8

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 02 March 2011
                : 04 October 2011
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 17, Pages: 5
                Product

                SciELO Cuba

                Categories
                Artículos Originales

                muerte fetal/etiología,hypertension, pregnancy-induced,hipertensión inducida en el embarazo,stillbirth,fetal death/etiology,óbito fetal tardío

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