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      Cytotoxicity of two available mineral trioxide aggregate cements and a new formulation on human gingival fibroblasts

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          Abstract

          Aim:

          The purpose of this study was to investigate the cytotoxicity of nanohybrid mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) in comparison with calcium-enriched mixture (CEM) cement and MTA-Angelus, using human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs).

          Materials and Methods:

          Nine disc-shaped specimens of each material (in 2 set stat: A, set for 24 h; B, set for 30 min; and C, fresh stat) were prepared. HGFs were exposed to tested materials’ extracts or control media. Cytotoxicity testing was performed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide assay in two time intervals.

          Statistical Analysis:

          Results were evaluated by one-way ANOVA and t-test. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.

          Results:

          CEM cement demonstrated favorable cell viability values when completely set (24 h set MTA = 24 h set CEM) at both time intervals. Interestingly, 24 h after incubation, CEM in Groups B and C demonstrated higher cell viability values than MTA ( P < 0.05). However, after 72 h of incubation, these groups of CEM and MTA showed equal cell viability. All samples of nanohybrid MTA had slight cytotoxic effects after 24 h of incubation, and moderate cytotoxic effects after 72 h of incubation.

          Conclusion:

          Set CEM and set MTA-Angelus exerted similar, favorable effects on cell viability. However, within the limitations of this in vitro study, the results suggest that nanohybrid MTA could not be recommended as a material of choice for cervical root resorption.

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          On the mechanisms of biocompatibility.

          David Williams (2008)
          The manner in which a mutually acceptable co-existence of biomaterials and tissues is developed and sustained has been the focus of attention in biomaterials science for many years, and forms the foundation of the subject of biocompatibility. There are many ways in which materials and tissues can be brought into contact such that this co-existence may be compromised, and the search for biomaterials that are able to provide for the best performance in devices has been based upon the understanding of all the interactions within biocompatibility phenomena. Our understanding of the mechanisms of biocompatibility has been restricted whilst the focus of attention has been long-term implantable devices. In this paper, over 50 years of experience with such devices is analysed and it is shown that, in the vast majority of circumstances, the sole requirement for biocompatibility in a medical device intended for long-term contact with the tissues of the human body is that the material shall do no harm to those tissues, achieved through chemical and biological inertness. Rarely has an attempt to introduce biological activity into a biomaterial been clinically successful in these applications. This essay then turns its attention to the use of biomaterials in tissue engineering, sophisticated cell, drug and gene delivery systems and applications in biotechnology, and shows that here the need for specific and direct interactions between biomaterials and tissue components has become necessary, and with this a new paradigm for biocompatibility has emerged. It is believed that once the need for this change is recognised, so our understanding of the mechanisms of biocompatibility will markedly improve.
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            Mineral trioxide aggregate: a comprehensive literature review--part II: leakage and biocompatibility investigations.

            Mahmoud Torabinejad, Masoud Parirokh (2010)
            Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) was developed because existing materials did not have the ideal characteristics for orthograde or retrograde root-end fillings. MTA has been recommended primarily as a root-end filling material, but it has also been used in pulp capping, pulpotomy, apical barrier formation in teeth with open apexes, repair of root perforations, and root canal filling. Part I of this literature review presented a comprehensive list of articles regarding the chemical and physical properties as well as the antibacterial activity of MTA. The purpose of part II of this review is to present a comprehensive list of articles regarding the sealing ability and biocompatibility of this material. A review of the literature was performed by using electronic and hand-searching methods for the sealing ability and biocompatibility of MTA from November 1993-September 2009. Numerous studies have investigated the sealing ability and biocompatibility of MTA. On the basis of available evidence it appears that MTA seals well and is a biocompatible material. Copyright 2010. Published by Elsevier Inc.
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              Mineral trioxide aggregate material use in endodontic treatment: a review of the literature.

              David W Berzins, J. Toth, Seán G. Roberts … (2008)
              The purpose of this paper was to review the composition, properties, biocompatibility, and the clinical results involving the use of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) materials in endodontic treatment. Electronic search of scientific papers from January 1990 to August 2006 was accomplished using PubMed and Scopus search engines (search terms: MTA, GMTA, WMTA, mineral AND trioxide AND aggregate). Selected exclusion criteria resulted in 156 citations from the scientific, peer-reviewed dental literature. MTA materials are derived from a Portland cement parent compound and have been demonstrated to be biocompatible endodontic repair materials, with its biocompatible nature strongly suggested by its ability to form hydroxyappatite when exposed to physiologic solutions. With some exceptions, MTA materials provide better microleakage protection than traditional endodontic repair materials using dye, fluid filtration, and bacterial penetration leakage models. In both animal and human studies, MTA materials have been shown to have excellent potential as pulp-capping and pulpotomy medicaments but studies with long-term follow-up are limited. Preliminary studies suggested a favorable MTA material use as apical and furcation restorative materials as well as medicaments for apexogenesis and apexification treatments; however, long-term clinical studies are needed in these areas. MTA materials have been shown to have a biocompatible nature and have excellent potential in endodontic use. MTA materials are a refined Portland cement material and the substitution of Portland cement for MTA products is presently discouraged. Existing human studies involving MTA materials are very promising, however, insufficient randomized, double-blind clinical studies of sufficient duration exist involving MTA for all of its clinical indications. Further clinical studies are needed in these areas.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Conserv Dent
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Conserv Dent
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JCD
                Title: Journal of Conservative Dentistry : JCD
                Publisher: Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )
                ISSN (Print): 0972-0707
                ISSN (Electronic): 0974-5203
                Publication date (Print): Nov-Dec 2016
                Volume: 19
                Issue: 6
                Pages: 522-526
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
                [2 ]Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
                [3 ]Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Dr. Fahimeh S. Tabatabaei, Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: f.s.tabatabaei@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: JCD-19-522
                DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.194033
                PMC ID: 5146766
                PubMed ID: 27994312
                SO-VID: 8fed6f57-5872-4484-b760-5985309c8966
                Copyright © Copyright: © Journal of Conservative Dentistry
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

                History
                Date received : 20 July 2016
                Date revision received : 22 September 2016
                Date accepted : 14 October 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry
                Keywords: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide assay,angelus mineral trioxide aggregate,calcium-enriched mixture,calcium-enriched mixture cement,cytotoxicity,mineral trioxide aggregate
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry
                Keywords: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide assay, angelus mineral trioxide aggregate, calcium-enriched mixture, calcium-enriched mixture cement, cytotoxicity, mineral trioxide aggregate

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