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      PET molecular imaging for pathophysiological visualization in Alzheimer’s disease

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          Abstract

          Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common dementia worldwide. The exact etiology of AD is unclear as yet, and no effective treatments are currently available, making AD a tremendous burden posed on the whole society. As AD is a multifaceted and heterogeneous disease, and most biomarkers are dynamic in the course of AD, a range of biomarkers should be established to evaluate the severity and prognosis. Positron emission tomography (PET) offers a great opportunity to visualize AD from diverse perspectives by using radiolabeled agents involved in various pathophysiological processes; PET imaging technique helps to explore the pathomechanisms of AD comprehensively and find out the most appropriate biomarker in each AD phase, leading to a better evaluation of the disease. In this review, we discuss the application of PET in the course of AD and summarized radiolabeled compounds with favorable imaging characteristics.

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          The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease

          The National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer's Association charged a workgroup with the task of revising the 1984 criteria for Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia. The workgroup sought to ensure that the revised criteria would be flexible enough to be used by both general healthcare providers without access to neuropsychological testing, advanced imaging, and cerebrospinal fluid measures, and specialized investigators involved in research or in clinical trial studies who would have these tools available. We present criteria for all-cause dementia and for AD dementia. We retained the general framework of probable AD dementia from the 1984 criteria. On the basis of the past 27 years of experience, we made several changes in the clinical criteria for the diagnosis. We also retained the term possible AD dementia, but redefined it in a manner more focused than before. Biomarker evidence was also integrated into the diagnostic formulations for probable and possible AD dementia for use in research settings. The core clinical criteria for AD dementia will continue to be the cornerstone of the diagnosis in clinical practice, but biomarker evidence is expected to enhance the pathophysiological specificity of the diagnosis of AD dementia. Much work lies ahead for validating the biomarker diagnosis of AD dementia. Copyright © 2011. Published by Elsevier Inc.
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            The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease

            The National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer's Association charged a workgroup with the task of developing criteria for the symptomatic predementia phase of Alzheimer's disease (AD), referred to in this article as mild cognitive impairment due to AD. The workgroup developed the following two sets of criteria: (1) core clinical criteria that could be used by healthcare providers without access to advanced imaging techniques or cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and (2) research criteria that could be used in clinical research settings, including clinical trials. The second set of criteria incorporate the use of biomarkers based on imaging and cerebrospinal fluid measures. The final set of criteria for mild cognitive impairment due to AD has four levels of certainty, depending on the presence and nature of the biomarker findings. Considerable work is needed to validate the criteria that use biomarkers and to standardize biomarker analysis for use in community settings. Copyright © 2011 The Alzheimer's Association. All rights reserved.
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              Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group* under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease

              Neurology, 34(7), 939-939
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                wangjing5678@zju.edu.cn
                hjlee@zju.edu.cn
                hzhang21@zju.edu.cn
                Journal
                Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging
                Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging
                European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
                Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                1619-7070
                1619-7089
                14 November 2022
                14 November 2022
                2023
                : 50
                : 3
                : 765-783
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.412465.0, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, ; 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China
                [2 ]GRID grid.13402.34, ISNI 0000 0004 1759 700X, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang University, ; Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China
                [3 ]Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China
                [4 ]GRID grid.13402.34, ISNI 0000 0004 1759 700X, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, , Zhejiang University, ; Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang China
                [5 ]GRID grid.13402.34, ISNI 0000 0004 1759 700X, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, , Zhejiang University, ; Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang China
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4084-5150
                Article
                5999
                10.1007/s00259-022-05999-z
                9852140
                36372804
                8f2b4831-cd67-407b-8b9e-7684f547d6f7
                © The Author(s) 2022

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 27 July 2022
                : 9 October 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100014717, National Outstanding Youth Science Fund Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: 81725009
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Review Article
                Custom metadata
                © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023

                Radiology & Imaging
                alzheimer’s disease,positron emission tomography (pet),molecular imaging

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