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      Neoplastic Pathogenesis Associated with Cigarette Carcinogens

      review-article
      1 , , 2 , 2 , 2 , 3
      ,
      Cureus
      Cureus
      cigarette, carcinogenic agent, neoplasms, tobacco

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          Abstract

          Cigarette smoke is widely regarded as a carcinogenic agent; thus, the incidence of relative neoplasms correlates to cigarette smoking (CS) on a global level. While CS is most commonly associated with carcinomas of the upper and lower respiratory tracts, studies have also associated CS with the pathogenesis of a variety of non-respiratory related neoplasms. The tobacco smoke emitted from cigarettes contains carcinogenic substances that can be harmful to the normal physiology of the human body. This study will elaborate on the incidence and etiology of carcinomas, as well as discuss, in detail, the role of tobacco in the pathogenesis of oral, esophageal, lung, gastric, pancreatic, renal, and bladder carcinomas.

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          Most cited references44

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          Association between smoking and risk of bladder cancer among men and women.

          Previous studies indicate that the population attributable risk (PAR) of bladder cancer for tobacco smoking is 50% to 65% in men and 20% to 30% in women and that current cigarette smoking triples bladder cancer risk relative to never smoking. During the last 30 years, incidence rates have remained stable in the United States in men (123.8 per 100,000 person-years to 142.2 per 100,000 person-years) and women (32.5 per 100,000 person-years to 33.2 per 100,000 person-years); however, changing smoking prevalence and cigarette composition warrant revisiting risk estimates for smoking and bladder cancer. To evaluate the association between tobacco smoking and bladder cancer. Men (n = 281,394) and women (n = 186,134) of the National Institutes of Health-AARP (NIH-AARP) Diet and Health Study cohort completed a lifestyle questionnaire and were followed up between October 25, 1995, and December 31, 2006. Previous prospective cohort studies of smoking and incident bladder cancer were identified by systematic review and relative risks were estimated from fixed-effects models with heterogeneity assessed by the I(2) statistic. Hazard ratios (HRs), PARs, and number needed to harm (NNH). During 4,518,941 person-years of follow-up, incident bladder cancer occurred in 3896 men (144.0 per 100,000 person-years) and 627 women (34.5 per 100,000 person-years). Former smokers (119.8 per 100,000 person-years; HR, 2.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.03-2.44; NNH, 1250) and current smokers (177.3 per 100,000 person-years; HR, 4.06; 95% CI, 3.66-4.50; NNH, 727) had higher risks of bladder cancer than never smokers (39.8 per 100,000 person-years). In contrast, the summary risk estimate for current smoking in 7 previous studies (initiated between 1963 and 1987) was 2.94 (95% CI, 2.45-3.54; I(2) = 0.0%). The PAR for ever smoking in our study was 0.50 (95% CI, 0.45-0.54) in men and 0.52 (95% CI, 0.45-0.59) in women. Compared with a pooled estimate of US data from cohorts initiated between 1963 and 1987, relative risks for smoking in the more recent NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study cohort were higher, with PARs for women comparable with those for men.
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            Pancreatic regulation of glucose homeostasis

            In order to ensure normal body function, the human body is dependent on a tight control of its blood glucose levels. This is accomplished by a highly sophisticated network of various hormones and neuropeptides released mainly from the brain, pancreas, liver, intestine as well as adipose and muscle tissue. Within this network, the pancreas represents a key player by secreting the blood sugar-lowering hormone insulin and its opponent glucagon. However, disturbances in the interplay of the hormones and peptides involved may lead to metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) whose prevalence, comorbidities and medical costs take on a dramatic scale. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to uncover and understand the mechanisms underlying the various interactions to improve existing anti-diabetic therapies and drugs on the one hand and to develop new therapeutic approaches on the other. This review summarizes the interplay of the pancreas with various other organs and tissues that maintain glucose homeostasis. Furthermore, anti-diabetic drugs and their impact on signaling pathways underlying the network will be discussed.
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              Health effects of light and intermittent smoking: a review.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Cureus
                Cureus
                2168-8184
                Cureus
                Cureus (Palo Alto (CA) )
                2168-8184
                25 January 2019
                January 2019
                : 11
                : 1
                : e3955
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Epidemiology and Public Health, Xavier University School of Medicine, Oranjestad, ABW
                [2 ] Internal Medicine, Xavier University School of Medicine, Oranjestad, ABW
                [3 ] Pathology, Xavier University School of Medicine, Oranjestad, ABW
                Author notes
                Article
                10.7759/cureus.3955
                6436676
                30956908
                8eef5eb9-4c43-4bef-948f-a241416293e6
                Copyright © 2019, Hussain et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 15 January 2019
                : 24 January 2019
                Categories
                Internal Medicine
                Oncology
                Epidemiology/Public Health

                cigarette,carcinogenic agent,neoplasms,tobacco
                cigarette, carcinogenic agent, neoplasms, tobacco

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