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      Expression of Vitamin D Receptor and Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms (BsmI, FokI, and TaqI) in Patients with Pterygium Translated title: Expressão do gene do receptor da vitamina D e de seus polimorfismos (BsmI, FokI e TaqI) em pacientes com pterígio

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to determine the role of vitamin D receptor in the pathogenesis of pterygium. The vitamin D receptor eexpression levels in pterygium tissue, blood vitamin D levels, and frequency of selected vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms (BsmI, FokI, and TaqI) were compared between patients with pterygium and healthy participants. Methods: The study included patients with pterygiumeee (n=50) and healthy volunteers (n=50). The serum vitamin D levels were measured for both groups. Immunohistochemical staining for vitamin D receptor ewas performed on sections obtained from the pterygium and adjacent healthy conjunctival tissues of the same individuals. The genomic existence of vitamin D receptor epolymorphisms (BsmI, FokI, and TaqI) were analyzed in DNA obtained from venous blood of participants using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. Results: There was no difference found between the serum vitamin D levels of patients with pterygium and healthy controls. However, tissue expression of vitamin D receptor was higher in the pterygium endothelial cells of micro-vessels (p=0.002), subepithelial stromal (p=0.04), and intravascular inflammatory cells (p=0.0001), in comparison with the adjacent healthy conjunctival tissue. Moreover, while the BBtt haplotype was 2-fold higher, the bbTt haplotype was 2.5-fold lower, and the BbTT haplotype was 2.25-fold lower in the control group than in the pterygium group (p<0.001). Conclusions: Vitamin D serum levels did not differ between the healthy and pterygium groups. Vitamin D receptor expression was increased in the pterygium tissue versus the adjacent healthy tissue. However, vitamin D receptor polymorphism analysis in patients with pterygium did not reveal any significant difference in BsmI, FokI, or TaqI polymorphisms in comparison with the healthy volunteers.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar o papel do receptor da vitamina D na patogênese do pterígio. Os níveis de expressão do receptor da vitamina D no tecido do pterígio, os níveis sanguíneos de vitamina D e a frequência de alguns polimorfismos do gene do receptor da vitamina D (BsmI, FokI e TaqI) foram comparados entre pacientes com pterígio e participantes saudáveis. Métodos: Foram incluídos pacientes com pterígio (n=50) e voluntários saudáveis (n=50). Os níveis séricos de vitamina D foram medidos em ambos os grupos. Foi feita uma coloração imuno-histoquímica para o receptor da vitamina D em cortes obtidos do pterígio e dos tecidos conjuntivais saudáveis adjacentes dos mesmos indivíduos. A existência de polimorfismos do receptor da vitamina D (BsmI, FokI e TaqI) no genoma foi analisada em DNA obtido do sangue venoso dos participantes, usando métodos de Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) e RFLP. Resultados: Não foi observada nenhuma diferença entre os níveis séricos de vitamina D dos pacientes com pterígio e os dos controles saudáveis. Entretanto, a expressão tissular do receptor da vitamina D foi maior nas células endoteliais dos microvasos do pterígio (p=0,002), nas células estromais sub-epiteliais (p=0,04) e nas células inflamatórias intravasculares (p=0,0001), quando comparada à expressão no tecido conjuntival saudável adjacente. Além disso, embora o haplótipo BBtt tenha sido duas vezes mais frequente, o haplótipo bbTt foi 2,5 vezes menos frequente e o haplótipo BbTT foi 2,25 vezes menos frequente no grupo de controle do que no grupo com pterígio (p<0,001). Conclusões: Os níveis séricos de vitamina D não apresentaram diferenças entre o grupo de pessoas saudáveis e o com pterígio. A expressão do receptor da vitamina D mostrou-se maior no grupo com pterígio do que no tecido saudável adjacente. Entretanto, a análise dos polimorfismos do receptor da vitamina D nos pacientes com pterígio não revelou qualquer diferença significativa nos polimorfismos BsmI, FokI ou TaqI em comparação com os voluntários saudáveis.

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          The relevance of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms for cancer: a review of the literature.

          In recent years, the relevance of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene restriction fragment length polymorphisms for various types of cancer has been investigated by a great number of studies. It has been hypothesized that VDR polymorphisms may influence both the risk of cancer occurrence and prognosis. However, studies investigating the associations between specific VDR polymorphisms and cancer often show controversial results. We have now performed a systematic review of the literature to analyse the relevance of VDR polymorphisms for individual malignancies, including cancer of the skin, prostate, breast, colon, ovary, kidney and bladder. An analysis of studies evaluating the association between vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms Fok1, Bsm1, Taq1, Apa1, and Cdx2, poly (A) and Bgl1 as well as some haplotype combinations and cancer risk has been performed. Data were extracted from PubMed using the key words VDR polymorphism in combination with breast cancer, prostate cancer, skin cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, renal cell carcinoma or bladder cancer. This analysis was performed with the intent of giving an up-to-date overview of all data concerning the relevance of VDR polymorphisms for cancer. Obviously, at present it is still not possible to make any definitive statements about the importance of the VDR genotype for cancer occurrence. It seems probable that interactions with other factors such as calcium and vitamin D intake, 25(OH)D plasma levels and UV radiation exposure play a decisive role in cancer occurrence and should not be underestimated. Other risk factors such as obesity, smoking status, parity status, energy intake and others are also frequently mentioned as being more or less important for carcinogenesis depending on the VDR genotype. Moreover, it is often noticed that the same VDR polymorphism has a different effect depending on the type of cancer, or may be only decisive for more or less aggressive staging of the tumour. Significant associations with VDR polymorphisms have been reported in cancer of the breast (Fok1, Bsm1, Taq1, Apa1, poly (A)), prostate (Fok1, Bsm1, Taq1, poly (A)), skin (Fok1, Bsm1, A-1210), colorectum (Fok1, Bsm1), ovary (Fok1, Apa1) and bladder (Fok1), and in renal cell carcinoma (Taq1, Apa1). However, conflicting data have been reported for most malignancies. After careful evaluation of the actual literature, it can be summarized that data indicating an association of VDR polymorphisms and cancer risk are strongest for breast cancer (Bsm1, Fok1), prostate cancer (Fok1) and malignant melanoma (MM) (Fok1). Data indicating an association of VDR polymorphisms and cancer prognosis are strongest for prostate cancer (Fok1), breast cancer (Bsm1, Taq1), MM (Bsm1) and renal cell carcinoma (Taq1).
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            Pathogenesis of pterygia: role of cytokines, growth factors, and matrix metalloproteinases.

            Pterygium is a common ocular surface disease apparently only observed in humans. Chronic UV exposure is a widely accepted aetiological factor in the pathogenesis of this disease and this concept is supported by epidemiological data, ray tracing models and histopathological changes that share common features with UV damaged skin. The mechanism(s) of pterygium formation is incompletely understood. Recent data have provided evidence implicating a genetic component, anti-apoptotic mechanisms, cytokines, growth factors, extracellular matrix remodelling (through the actions of matrix metalloproteinases), immunological mechanisms and viral infections in the pathogenesis of this disease. In this review, the current knowledge on pterygium pathogenesis is summarised, highlighting recent developments. In addition, we provide novel data further demonstrating the complexity of this intriguing disease.
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              1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) inhibits angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo.

              Modulation of angiogenesis is now a recognized strategy for the prevention and treatment of pathologies categorized by their reliance on a vascular supply. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1, 25(OH)(2)D(3)], the active metabolite of vitamin D(3), on angiogenesis by using well-characterized in vitro and in vivo model systems. 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) (1 x 10(-9) to 1 x 10(-7) mol/L) significantly inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced endothelial cell sprouting and elongation in vitro in a dose-dependent manner and had a small, but significant, inhibitory effect on VEGF-induced endothelial cell proliferation. 1, 25(OH)(2)D(3) also inhibited the formation of networks of elongated endothelial cells within 3D collagen gels. The addition of 1, 25(OH)(2)D(3) to endothelial cell cultures containing sprouting elongated cells induced the regression of these cells, in the absence of any effect on cells present in the cobblestone monolayer. Analysis of nuclear morphology, DNA integrity, and enzymatic in situ labeling of apoptosis-induced strand breaks demonstrated that this regression was due to the induction of apoptosis specifically within the sprouting cell population. The effect of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) on angiogenesis in vivo was investigated by using a model in which MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells, which had been induced to overexpress VEGF, were xenografted subcutaneously together with MDA-435S breast carcinoma cells into nude mice. Treatment with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) (12.5 pmol/d for 8 weeks) produced tumors that were less well vascularized than tumors formed in mice treated with vehicle alone. These results highlight the potential use of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) in both the prevention and regression of conditions characterized by pathological angiogenesis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                abo
                Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia
                Arq. Bras. Oftalmol.
                Conselho Brasileiro de Oftalmologia (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                0004-2749
                1678-2925
                June 2021
                : 84
                : 3
                : 241-248
                Affiliations
                [2] Adıyaman orgnameAdiyaman University orgdiv1School of Medicine orgdiv2Department of Medical Genetics Turkey
                [3] Aydın orgnameAdnan Menderes University orgdiv1School of Medicine orgdiv2Department of Pathology Turkey
                [1] Adıyaman orgnameAdiyaman University orgdiv1School of Medicine orgdiv2Department of Ophthalmology Turkey
                Article
                S0004-27492021000300241 S0004-2749(21)08400300241
                10.5935/0004-2749.20210032
                8ed2efc8-77d5-4236-8cd0-4e943b4c4c13

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 11 September 2019
                : 02 April 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Original Articles

                Immunohistochemistry,Vitamin D,Polymorphism, genetic,Pterígio,Vitamina D,Polimorfismo genético,Imuno- histoquímica,Pterygium

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