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      Biofilms by bacterial human pathogens: Clinical relevance - development, composition and regulation - therapeutical strategies

      review-article
      Author(s): 1 , # , 1 , # , 1 , 1 , 2 , 3 , *
      Publication date (Electronic, pub):
      Publication date (Electronic, collection):
      Journal: Microbial Cell
      Publisher: Shared Science Publishers OG
      Keywords: biofilm-associated disease, nosocomial infections, Vibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococci, treatment, biofilm

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          Abstract

          Notably, bacterial biofilm formation is increasingly recognized as a passive virulence factor facilitating many infectious disease processes. In this review we will focus on bacterial biofilms formed by human pathogens and highlight their relevance for diverse diseases. Along biofilm composition and regulation emphasis is laid on the intensively studied biofilms of Vibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus spp., which are commonly used as biofilm model organisms and therefore contribute to our general understanding of bacterial biofilm (patho-)physiology. Finally, therapeutical intervention strategies targeting biofilms will be discussed.

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          Most cited references338

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          Quorum sensing: cell-to-cell communication in bacteria.

          Christopher M Waters, Bonnie L Bassler (2005)
          Bacteria communicate with one another using chemical signal molecules. As in higher organisms, the information supplied by these molecules is critical for synchronizing the activities of large groups of cells. In bacteria, chemical communication involves producing, releasing, detecting, and responding to small hormone-like molecules termed autoinducers . This process, termed quorum sensing, allows bacteria to monitor the environment for other bacteria and to alter behavior on a population-wide scale in response to changes in the number and/or species present in a community. Most quorum-sensing-controlled processes are unproductive when undertaken by an individual bacterium acting alone but become beneficial when carried out simultaneously by a large number of cells. Thus, quorum sensing confuses the distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes because it enables bacteria to act as multicellular organisms. This review focuses on the architectures of bacterial chemical communication networks; how chemical information is integrated, processed, and transduced to control gene expression; how intra- and interspecies cell-cell communication is accomplished; and the intriguing possibility of prokaryote-eukaryote cross-communication.
          Article 0 comments Cited 955 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            The human oral microbiome.

            Floyd E Dewhirst, Tuste Chen, Jacques Izard … (2010)
            The human oral cavity contains a number of different habitats, including the teeth, gingival sulcus, tongue, cheeks, hard and soft palates, and tonsils, which are colonized by bacteria. The oral microbiome is comprised of over 600 prevalent taxa at the species level, with distinct subsets predominating at different habitats. The oral microbiome has been extensively characterized by cultivation and culture-independent molecular methods such as 16S rRNA cloning. Unfortunately, the vast majority of unnamed oral taxa are referenced by clone numbers or 16S rRNA GenBank accession numbers, often without taxonomic anchors. The first aim of this research was to collect 16S rRNA gene sequences into a curated phylogeny-based database, the Human Oral Microbiome Database (HOMD), and make it web accessible (www.homd.org). The HOMD includes 619 taxa in 13 phyla, as follows: Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chlamydiae, Chloroflexi, Euryarchaeota, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Proteobacteria, Spirochaetes, SR1, Synergistetes, Tenericutes, and TM7. The second aim was to analyze 36,043 16S rRNA gene clones isolated from studies of the oral microbiota to determine the relative abundance of taxa and identify novel candidate taxa. The analysis identified 1,179 taxa, of which 24% were named, 8% were cultivated but unnamed, and 68% were uncultivated phylotypes. Upon validation, 434 novel, nonsingleton taxa will be added to the HOMD. The number of taxa needed to account for 90%, 95%, or 99% of the clones examined is 259, 413, and 875, respectively. The HOMD is the first curated description of a human-associated microbiome and provides tools for use in understanding the role of the microbiome in health and disease.
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              Bacterial quorum sensing: its role in virulence and possibilities for its control.

              Steven Rutherford, Bonnie Bassler (2012)
              Quorum sensing is a process of cell-cell communication that allows bacteria to share information about cell density and adjust gene expression accordingly. This process enables bacteria to express energetically expensive processes as a collective only when the impact of those processes on the environment or on a host will be maximized. Among the many traits controlled by quorum sensing is the expression of virulence factors by pathogenic bacteria. Here we review the quorum-sensing circuits of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio cholerae. We outline these canonical quorum-sensing mechanisms and how each uniquely controls virulence factor production. Additionally, we examine recent efforts to inhibit quorum sensing in these pathogens with the goal of designing novel antimicrobial therapeutics.
              Article 0 comments Cited 613 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Microb Cell
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Microb Cell
                Journal ID (pmc): Microb Cell
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Microb Cell
                Title: Microbial Cell
                Publisher: Shared Science Publishers OG
                ISSN (Electronic): 2311-2638
                Publication date (Electronic, pub): 01 February 2021
                Publication date (Electronic, collection): 01 February 2021
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 28-56
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50, 8010 Graz, Austria.
                [2 ]BioTechMed Graz, Austria.
                [3 ]Field of Excellence Biohealth – University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
                [# ]A.S. and F.M. contributed equally to this work.
                Author notes
                * Corresponding Author: Stefan Schild, Humboldtstrasse 50, 1 st floor, 8010 Graz, Austria; Phone: ++43/ (0)316 3801970; E-mail: stefan.schild@ 123456uni-graz.at

                Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

                Please cite this article as: Adina Schulze, Fabian Mitterer, Joao P. Pombo and Stefan Schild ( 2021). Biofilms by bacterial human pathogens: Clinical relevance - development, composition and regulation - therapeutical strategies. Microbial Cell 8(2): 28-56. doi: 10.15698/mic2021.02.741

                Article
                Publisher ID: MIC0270E135
                DOI: 10.15698/mic2021.02.741
                PMC ID: 7841849
                PubMed ID: 33553418
                SO-VID: 8e8d154e-3a0d-4776-9c16-d08da089926c
                Copyright © Copyright: © 2021 Schulze et al.
                License:

                This is an open-access article released under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows the unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are acknowledged.

                History
                Date received : 08 September 2020
                Date revision received : 08 January 2021
                Date accepted : 12 January 2021
                Funding
                Apologies to all scientists studying bacterial biofilms whose work and research could be not mentioned in this review. This work was supported by the Austrian FWF grants P27654 to S.S., P32577 to S.S., W901-B12 (DK Molecular Enzymology) to F.M. and S.S., DOC-50 (docfund “Molecular Metabolism”) to J.P.P and S.S., by the DocAcademy Graz to A.S. and S.S., by BioTechMed Graz to S.S. as well as by the Land Steiermark and City of Graz. # A.S. and F.M. contributed equally to this work.
                Categories
                Subject: Review
                Subject: Biofilm-Associated Disease
                Subject: Nosocomial Infections
                Subject: Vibrio Cholerae
                Subject: Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
                Subject: Staphylococci
                Subject: Treatment
                Subject: Biofilm

                Keywords: biofilm-associated disease,nosocomial infections,vibrio cholerae,pseudomonas aeruginosa,staphylococci,treatment,biofilm
                Data availability:
                Keywords: biofilm-associated disease, nosocomial infections, vibrio cholerae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococci, treatment, biofilm

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