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      External mechanical perturbations challenge postural stability in dogs

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          Abstract

          This study aimed to explore the effect of external mechanical perturbations on postural stability (PS) in dogs using the body center of pressure (COP). Thirteen sound adult dogs were included in this study. PS was tested during quiet standing on a pressure measurement plate. The conditions included a standard standing measurement and external mechanical perturbations conducted using six settings on a motorized training platform with different intensities of speed and amplitude. Measurement conditions were compared using linear mixed-effects models, followed by multiple comparisons using Sidak’s alpha correction procedure. Compared with the standing measurement, external mechanical perturbations resulted in a significant increase in almost all COP parameters, indicating a challenge for the PS. Furthermore, an increase in amplitude had a greater effect than an increase in speed, whereas the combination of the highest intensities of amplitude and speed was not well tolerated by the dogs. The mediolateral COP displacement was significantly greater than the craniocaudal COP displacement during standing measurement and conditions with a small amplitude, whereas no significant difference was observed during settings with an increased amplitude. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the effects of a balance training device in dogs. Therefore, the intensity of the training programs on motorized platforms or similar devices can be controlled by the wobbling amplitude of the platform.

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          Most cited references79

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          The condition for dynamic stability.

          The well-known condition for standing stability in static situations is that the vertical projection of the centre of mass (CoM) should be within the base of support (BoS). On the basis of a simple inverted pendulum model, an extension of this rule is proposed for dynamical situations: the position of (the vertical projection of) the CoM plus its velocity times a factor (square root l/g) should be within the BoS, l being leg length and g the acceleration of gravity. It is proposed to name this vector quantity 'extrapolated centre of mass position' (XcoM). The definition suggests as a measure of stability the 'margin of stability' b, the minimum distance from XcoM to the boundaries of the BoS. An alternative measure is the temporal stability margin tau, the time in which the boundary of the BoS would be reached without intervention. Some experimental data of subjects standing on one or two feet, flatfoot and tiptoe, are presented to give an idea of the usual ranges of these margins of stability. Example data on walking are also presented.
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            Measuring balance in the elderly: preliminary development of an instrument

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              What is balance?

              Balance is a term frequently used by health professionals working in a wide variety of clinical specialities. There is no universally accepted definition of human balance, or related terms. This article identifies mechanical definitions of balance and introduces clinical definitions of balance and postural control. Postural control is defined as the act of maintaining, achieving or restoring a state of balance during any posture or activity. Postural control strategies may be either predictive or reactive, and may involve either a fixed-support or a change-in-support response. Clinical tests of balance assess different components of balance ability. Health professionals should select clinical assessments based on a sound knowledge and understanding of the classification of balance and postural control strategies.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Vet Sci
                Front Vet Sci
                Front. Vet. Sci.
                Frontiers in Veterinary Science
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                2297-1769
                18 September 2023
                2023
                : 10
                : 1249951
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University Clinic for Small Animals, Small Animal Surgery, Section of Physical Therapy, University of Veterinary Medicine , Vienna, Austria
                [2] 2Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University Clinic for Horses, Movement Science Group, University of Veterinary Medicine , Vienna, Austria
                [3] 3Department of Biomedical Sciences, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Platform, University of Veterinary Medicine , Vienna, Austria
                Author notes

                Edited by: Muhammad Saqib, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

                Reviewed by: Alison Wills, Hartpury University and Hartpury College, United Kingdom; João Carlos Alves, University of Evora, Portugal

                *Correspondence: Christiane Lutonsky, christiane.lutonsky@ 123456vetmeduni.ac.at
                Article
                10.3389/fvets.2023.1249951
                10544342
                37789869
                8df53551-7dab-4151-a9fe-e5b83ed11df9
                Copyright © 2023 Lutonsky, Peham, Mucha, Reicher, Gaspar, Tichy and Bockstahler.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 29 June 2023
                : 04 September 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 5, Equations: 2, References: 81, Pages: 12, Words: 9400
                Categories
                Veterinary Science
                Original Research
                Custom metadata
                Comparative and Clinical Medicine

                canine balance,center of pressure,postural stability,posturography,veterinary rehabilitation,external mechanical perturbations

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