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Anaplastic lymphoma kinase: signalling in development and disease
review-article
27 May 2009
anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK),
anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL),
extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK),
inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour (IMT),
midkine,
neuroblastoma,
non-small cell lung cancer (NSLCL),
pleiotrophin,
ALCL, anaplastic large cell lymphoma,
ALK, anaplastic lymphoma kinase,
ALO17, ALK lymphoma oligomerization partner on chromosome 17,
ATIC, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase/IMP cyclohydrolase,
BCR-Abl, breakpoint cluster region-Abl,
CARS, cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase,
Cdc42, cell division cycle 42,
C/EBPβ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β,
CLTC, clathrin heavy chain,
CML, chronic myeloid leukaemia,
CNS, central nervous system,
dALK, Drosophila ALK,
DLBCL, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma,
Dpp, decapentaplegic,
DRG, dorsal root ganglia,
EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor,
EML4, echinoderm microtubule-associated protein like 4,
ERK, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase,
FOXO3a, forkhead box O 3a,
FRS2, fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2,
GIST, gastrointestinal stromal tumour,
Grb2, growthfactor-receptor-bound protein 2,
HEK, human embryonic kidney,
Hen-1, hesitation-1,
IL-3, interleukin-3,
IMT, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour,
IR, insulin receptor,
IRS-1, IR substrate-1,
JAK, Janus kinase,
Jeb, jelly belly,
JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase,
LDLa, low-density lipoprotein class A,
LTK, leucocyte tyrosine kinase,
MAM, meprin, A5 protein and receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase mu,
MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase,
MEK, MAPK/ERK kinase,
MK, midkine,
MSN, moesin,
mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin,
MUC-1, mucin-1,
MYH9, non-muscle myosin heavy chain,
NF-κB, nuclear factor κB,
NIPA, nuclear interacting partner of ALK,
NPM, nucleophosmin,
NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer,
PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase,
PKB, protein kinase B,
PLCγ, phospholipase Cγ,
PTN, pleiotrophin,
RANBP2, Ran-binding protein 2,
RPTP, receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase,
RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase,
SCC, squamous cell carcinoma,
SCD-2, suppressor of constitutive dauer 2,
SEC31L1, SEC31 homologue A,
SH2, Src homology 2,
Shc, Src homology and collagen homology,
SHH, sonic hedghog,
Shp1, SH2 domain-containing phosphatase 1,
STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription,
TFG, TRK-fused gene,
TGFβ, transforming growth factor β,
TPM, tropomyosin,
UCN-01, unco-ordinated 1
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Abstract
RTKs (receptor tyrosine kinases) play important roles in cellular proliferation and differentiation. In addition, RTKs reveal oncogenic potential when their kinase activities are constitutively enhanced by point mutation, amplification or rearrangement of the corresponding genes. The ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase) RTK was originally identified as a member of the insulin receptor subfamily of RTKs that acquires transforming capability when truncated and fused to NPM (nucleophosmin) in the t(2;5) chromosomal rearrangement associated with ALCL (anaplastic large cell lymphoma). To date, many chromosomal rearrangements leading to enhanced ALK activity have been described and are implicated in a number of cancer types. Recent reports of the EML4 (echinoderm microtubule-associated protein like 4)–ALK oncoprotein in NSCLC (non-small cell lung cancer), together with the identification of activating point mutations in neuroblastoma, have highlighted ALK as a significant player and target for drug development in cancer. In the present review we address the role of ALK in development and disease and discuss implications for the future.
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Author and article information
dalk, drosophila alk,nipa, nuclear interacting partner of alk,neuroblastoma,dlbcl, diffuse large b-cell lymphoma,drg, dorsal root ganglia,tpm, tropomyosin,pi3k, phosphoinositide 3-kinase,myh9, non-muscle myosin heavy chain,irs-1, ir substrate-1,cltc, clathrin heavy chain,ranbp2, ran-binding protein 2,anaplastic large cell lymphoma (alcl),rtk, receptor tyrosine kinase,tgfβ, transforming growth factor β,imt, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour,anaplastic lymphoma kinase (alk),erk, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase,rptp, receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase,non-small cell lung cancer (nslcl),il-3, interleukin-3,shh, sonic hedghog,pkb, protein kinase b,alk, anaplastic lymphoma kinase,sec31l1, sec31 homologue a,ptn, pleiotrophin,cns, central nervous system,mam, meprin, a5 protein and receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase mu,jak, janus kinase,ldla, low-density lipoprotein class a,cml, chronic myeloid leukaemia,midkine,gist, gastrointestinal stromal tumour,hen-1, hesitation-1,stat, signal transducer and activator of transcription,mk, midkine,scd-2, suppressor of constitutive dauer 2,alo17, alk lymphoma oligomerization partner on chromosome 17,plcγ, phospholipase cγ,mek, mapk/erk kinase,mapk, mitogen-activated protein kinase,bcr-abl, breakpoint cluster region-abl,egfr, epidermal growth factor receptor,extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (erk),jnk, c-jun n-terminal kinase,grb2, growthfactor-receptor-bound protein 2,nsclc, non-small cell lung cancer,sh2, src homology 2,alcl, anaplastic large cell lymphoma,cars, cysteinyl-trna synthetase,scc, squamous cell carcinoma,muc-1, mucin-1,pleiotrophin,frs2, fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2,atic, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase/imp cyclohydrolase,tfg, trk-fused gene,npm, nucleophosmin,hek, human embryonic kidney,jeb, jelly belly,inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour (imt),cdc42, cell division cycle 42,nf-κb, nuclear factor κb,shc, src homology and collagen homology,foxo3a, forkhead box o 3a,ucn-01, unco-ordinated 1,msn, moesin,shp1, sh2 domain-containing phosphatase 1,ltk, leucocyte tyrosine kinase,dpp, decapentaplegic,ir, insulin receptor,c/ebpβ, ccaat/enhancer-binding protein β,eml4, echinoderm microtubule-associated protein like 4,mtor, mammalian target of rapamycin
dalk, drosophila alk, nipa, nuclear interacting partner of alk, neuroblastoma, dlbcl, diffuse large b-cell lymphoma, drg, dorsal root ganglia, tpm, tropomyosin, pi3k, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, myh9, non-muscle myosin heavy chain, irs-1, ir substrate-1, cltc, clathrin heavy chain, ranbp2, ran-binding protein 2, anaplastic large cell lymphoma (alcl), rtk, receptor tyrosine kinase, tgfβ, transforming growth factor β, imt, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (alk), erk, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase, rptp, receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-small cell lung cancer (nslcl), il-3, interleukin-3, shh, sonic hedghog, pkb, protein kinase b, alk, anaplastic lymphoma kinase, sec31l1, sec31 homologue a, ptn, pleiotrophin, cns, central nervous system, mam, meprin, a5 protein and receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase mu, jak, janus kinase, ldla, low-density lipoprotein class a, cml, chronic myeloid leukaemia, midkine, gist, gastrointestinal stromal tumour, hen-1, hesitation-1, stat, signal transducer and activator of transcription, mk, midkine, scd-2, suppressor of constitutive dauer 2, alo17, alk lymphoma oligomerization partner on chromosome 17, plcγ, phospholipase cγ, mek, mapk/erk kinase, mapk, mitogen-activated protein kinase, bcr-abl, breakpoint cluster region-abl, egfr, epidermal growth factor receptor, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (erk), jnk, c-jun n-terminal kinase, grb2, growthfactor-receptor-bound protein 2, nsclc, non-small cell lung cancer, sh2, src homology 2, alcl, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, cars, cysteinyl-trna synthetase, scc, squamous cell carcinoma, muc-1, mucin-1, pleiotrophin, frs2, fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2, atic, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase/imp cyclohydrolase, tfg, trk-fused gene, npm, nucleophosmin, hek, human embryonic kidney, jeb, jelly belly, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour (imt), cdc42, cell division cycle 42, nf-κb, nuclear factor κb, shc, src homology and collagen homology, foxo3a, forkhead box o 3a, ucn-01, unco-ordinated 1, msn, moesin, shp1, sh2 domain-containing phosphatase 1, ltk, leucocyte tyrosine kinase, dpp, decapentaplegic, ir, insulin receptor, c/ebpβ, ccaat/enhancer-binding protein β, eml4, echinoderm microtubule-associated protein like 4, mtor, mammalian target of rapamycin