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      Gentle Manual Acupuncture Could Better Regulate Gastric Motility and Vagal Afferent Nerve Discharge of Rats with Gastric Hypomotility

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          Abstract

          The variation of stimulus intensity of manual acupuncture (MA) may produce diverse acupuncture effects. However, the intensity-effect relationship and the underlying mechanism of MA are still elusive. In this study, the effects of MA regulation of gastric motility were investigated after lifting-thrusting MA treatment with four different frequencies (1 Hz, 2 Hz, 3 Hz, and 4 Hz) at ST36. The experiments were conducted on rats with gastric hypomotility caused by atropine. The results showed that the gastric motility amplitude decreased after atropine injection, while the treatment of four types of MA affected the gastric motility amplitude in varying degrees. Specifically, 2 Hz MA exhibited the most effective results, while 4 Hz MA had the least effect; the effects of 1 Hz MA and 3 Hz MA were between the effects induced with 2 Hz and 4 Hz. Furthermore, the response of gastric vagal afferent nerve discharge and gastric motility was examined after MA treatment with frequencies of 2 Hz and 4 Hz, respectively, on ST36 in order to elucidate the mechanism of MA regulation of gastric motility. The results showed that 2 Hz MA was able to increase the amplitude of gastric motility and discharge frequency of gastric vagal afferent nerves, while 4 Hz MA exhibited seldom effects. These findings suggest that gentle MA (2 Hz) has more stimulating effects than strong stimulation with MA (4 Hz) on gastric hypomotility. In addition, gastric motility regulated by MA was associated with vagal afferent nerve activation.

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          Acupuncture and regulation of gastrointestinal function.

          Hui-Hui Li, Wen-Tian He, Qian Xu … (2015)
          In China, acupuncture has been considered an effective method for treating gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction diseases for thousands of years. In fact, acupuncture has gained progressive acceptance from both practitioners and patients worldwide. However, the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms in treating GI dysfunction have not yet been established due to a lack of systematic and comprehensive review articles. Therefore, the aim of this review is to discuss the efficacy of acupuncture as a treatment for GI dysfunction and the associated underlying mechanisms. A search of PubMed was conducted for articles that were published over the past 10 years using the terms "acupuncture", "gastrointestine", and other relevant keywords. In the following review, we describe the effect and underlying mechanisms of acupuncture on GI function from the perspectives of GI motility, visceral sensitivity, the GI barrier, and the brain-gut axis. The dual regulatory effects of acupuncture may manifest by promoting gastric peristalsis in subjects with low initial gastric motility, and suppressing peristalsis in subjects with active initial motility. In addition, the regulation of acupuncture on gastric motility may be intensity-dependent. Our findings suggest that further studies are needed to investigate the effects and more systematic mechanisms in treating GI dysfunction, and to promote the application of acupuncture for the treatment of GI diseases.
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            Vagal neurocircuitry and its influence on gastric motility.

            R Travagli, Laura Anselmi (2016)
            A large body of research has been dedicated to the effects of gastrointestinal peptides on vagal afferent fibres, yet multiple lines of evidence indicate that gastrointestinal peptides also modulate brainstem vagal neurocircuitry, and that this modulation has a fundamental role in the physiology and pathophysiology of the upper gastrointestinal tract. In fact, brainstem vagovagal neurocircuits comprise highly plastic neurons and synapses connecting afferent vagal fibres, second order neurons of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), and efferent fibres originating in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV). Neuronal communication between the NTS and DMV is regulated by the presence of a variety of inputs, both from within the brainstem itself as well as from higher centres, which utilize an array of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. Because of the circumventricular nature of these brainstem areas, circulating hormones can also modulate the vagal output to the upper gastrointestinal tract. This Review summarizes the organization and function of vagovagal reflex control of the upper gastrointestinal tract, presents data on the plasticity within these neurocircuits after stress, and discusses the gastrointestinal dysfunctions observed in Parkinson disease as examples of physiological adjustment and maladaptation of these reflexes.
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              Paradoxes in Acupuncture Research: Strategies for Moving Forward

              Helene Langevin, Peter Wayne, Hugh MacPherson … (2010)
              In November 2007, the Society for Acupuncture Research (SAR) held an international symposium to mark the 10th anniversary of the 1997 NIH Consensus Development Conference on Acupuncture. The symposium presentations revealed the considerable maturation of the field of acupuncture research, yet two provocative paradoxes emerged. First, a number of well-designed clinical trials have reported that true acupuncture is superior to usual care, but does not significantly outperform sham acupuncture, findings apparently at odds with traditional theories regarding acupuncture point specificity. Second, although many studies using animal and human experimental models have reported physiological effects that vary as a function of needling parameters (e.g., mode of stimulation) the extent to which these parameters influence therapeutic outcomes in clinical trials is unclear. This White Paper, collaboratively written by the SAR Board of Directors, identifies gaps in knowledge underlying the paradoxes and proposes strategies for their resolution through translational research. We recommend that acupuncture treatments should be studied (1) “top down” as multi-component “whole-system” interventions and (2) “bottom up” as mechanistic studies that focus on understanding how individual treatment components interact and translate into clinical and physiological outcomes. Such a strategy, incorporating considerations of efficacy, effectiveness and qualitative measures, will strengthen the evidence base for such complex interventions as acupuncture.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Yuanhao Du:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3646-7214
                Yi Guo:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4961-3073
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ECAM
                Title: Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM
                Publisher: Hindawi
                ISSN (Print): 1741-427X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1741-4288
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 October 2019
                Publication date PMC-release: 24 October 2019
                Volume: 2019
                Electronic Location Identifier: 9043151
                Affiliations
                1Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 10, Poyang Lake Road, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China
                2Acupuncture and Massage Department, Qingyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 10, Guxiang West Road, Qingyang City, Gansu 745000, China
                3Acupuncture Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88, Changling Road, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300391, China
                4Chinese Medical College, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 10, Poyang Lake Road, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, China
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Alfredo Vannacci

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9955-0971
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0576-163X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2028-5096
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3646-7214
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4961-3073
                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2019/9043151
                PMC ID: 6855058
                SO-VID: 8d464ad3-6586-42ae-90cc-5098dd7faa36
                Copyright © Copyright © 2019 Yangyang Liu et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 5 June 2019
                Date revision received : 15 September 2019
                Date accepted : 30 September 2019
                Funding
                Funded by: Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin City
                Award ID: 17JCQNJC12200
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Complementary & Alternative medicine
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Complementary & Alternative medicine

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