Prevalence and risk factor analysis for the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

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Abstract

Although non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is strongly associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the diagnosis of NAFLD for T2DM patients remains a challenge.

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors for the NAFLD in T2DM outpatients.

This is a retrospective, cross-sectional study that included 2405 T2DM patients treated and admitted for glucose control into the Endocrinology Department of our hospital from April 2017 to March 2019. Using strict exclusion criteria, the target patients were screened and divided into two groups: NAFLD patients (study group) and non-NAFLD patients (control group). Subsequently, 34 factors were compared between the two groups. Furthermore, multivariate analysis of the NAFLD risk factors was performed using logistic regression. Finally, the diagnostic significance of individual biochemical predictors, as well as the combined predictive indicator (CPI), for NAFLD was estimated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.

In this study, the overall prevalence of NAFLD in T2DM patients was 58.67%. Of the target patients, 17 factors were identified by univariate analysis to be associated with NAFLD, and 8 factors were found to be significant predictors for NAFLD using binary logistic regression modeling. Furthermore, the CPI and C-Peptide represent high diagnostic value for NAFLD in T2DM patients.

This study provides a more comprehensive risk factor analysis for NAFLD in T2DM patients. These data can be used to provide timely diagnosis and effective management of NAFLD.

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Most cited references 39

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Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes.

Zobair Younossi, Aaron Koenig, Dinan Abdelatif … (2016)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major cause of liver disease worldwide. We estimated the global prevalence, incidence, progression, and outcomes of NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). PubMed/MEDLINE were searched from 1989 to 2015 for terms involving epidemiology and progression of NAFLD. Exclusions included selected groups (studies that exclusively enrolled morbidly obese or diabetics or pediatric) and no data on alcohol consumption or other liver diseases. Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cirrhosis, overall mortality, and liver-related mortality were determined. NASH required histological diagnosis. All studies were reviewed by three independent investigators. Analysis was stratified by region, diagnostic technique, biopsy indication, and study population. We used random-effects models to provide point estimates (95% confidence interval [CI]) of prevalence, incidence, mortality and incidence rate ratios, and metaregression with subgroup analysis to account for heterogeneity. Of 729 studies, 86 were included with a sample size of 8,515,431 from 22 countries. Global prevalence of NAFLD is 25.24% (95% CI: 22.10-28.65) with highest prevalence in the Middle East and South America and lowest in Africa. Metabolic comorbidities associated with NAFLD included obesity (51.34%; 95% CI: 41.38-61.20), type 2 diabetes (22.51%; 95% CI: 17.92-27.89), hyperlipidemia (69.16%; 95% CI: 49.91-83.46%), hypertension (39.34%; 95% CI: 33.15-45.88), and metabolic syndrome (42.54%; 95% CI: 30.06-56.05). Fibrosis progression proportion, and mean annual rate of progression in NASH were 40.76% (95% CI: 34.69-47.13) and 0.09 (95% CI: 0.06-0.12). HCC incidence among NAFLD patients was 0.44 per 1,000 person-years (range, 0.29-0.66). Liver-specific mortality and overall mortality among NAFLD and NASH were 0.77 per 1,000 (range, 0.33-1.77) and 11.77 per 1,000 person-years (range, 7.10-19.53) and 15.44 per 1,000 (range, 11.72-20.34) and 25.56 per 1,000 person-years (range, 6.29-103.80). Incidence risk ratios for liver-specific and overall mortality for NAFLD were 1.94 (range, 1.28-2.92) and 1.05 (range, 0.70-1.56).

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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease – A global public health perspective

Zobair Younossi (2018)

As the epidemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus increase worldwide, the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing proportionately. The subtype of NAFLD which can be characterised as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a potentially progressive liver disease that can lead to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, liver transplantation, and death. NAFLD is also associated with extrahepatic manifestations such as chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease and sleep apnoea. NAFLD and NASH carry a large economic burden and create poor health-related quality of life. Despite this important burden, we are only beginning to understand its mechanisms of pathogenesis and the contribution of environmental and genetic factors to the risk of developing a progressive course of disease. Research is underway to identify appropriate non-invasive diagnostic methods and effective treatments. Although the risk of liver-related mortality is increased in patients with NAFLD and liver fibrosis stages F3 or F4, the leading cause of death is cardiovascular disease. Given the rapidly growing global burden of NAFLD and NASH, efforts must continue to find accurate non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, to develop effective treatments for individuals with advanced NASH and prevention methods for individuals at high risk of NAFLD and progressive liver disease.

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Progression of NAFLD to diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease or cirrhosis.

Quentin M Anstee, Giovanni Targher, Christopher P. Day (2013)

NAFLD is a spectrum of progressive liver disease that encompasses simple steatosis, NASH, fibrosis and, ultimately, cirrhosis. NAFLD is recognized as the hepatic component of the metabolic syndrome, as these conditions have insulin resistance as a common pathophysiological mechanism. Therefore, NAFLD is strongly associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and abdominal obesity. As lifestyles have become increasingly sedentary and dietary patterns have changed, the worldwide prevalence of NAFLD has increased dramatically and is projected to be the principal aetiology for liver transplantation within the next decade. Importantly, a growing body of clinical and epidemiological evidence suggests that NAFLD is associated not only with liver-related morbidity and mortality, but also with an increased risk of developing both cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. This article reviews the evidence that suggests NAFLD is a multisystem disease and the factors that might determine interindividual variation in the development and progression of its major hepatic and extrahepatic manifestations (principally type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease).

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Medicine (Baltimore)

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Medicine (Baltimore)

Journal ID (publisher-id): MEDI

Title: Medicine

Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (Hagerstown, MD )

ISSN (Print): 0025-7974

ISSN (Electronic): 1536-5964

Publication date Collection: 12 March 2021

Publication date (Electronic): 12 March 2021

Volume: 100

Issue: 10

Electronic Location Identifier: e24940

Affiliations

[a ]Experimental Center of Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine

[b ]Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University

[c ]Department of Ultrasonic Medicine

[d ]Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei

[e ]Zhengzhou Antu Biological Engineering Co. LTD

[f ]Department of Pediatric Oncology Surgery, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.

Author notes

[∗ ]Correspondence: Wancun Zhang, Department of Pediatric Oncology Surgery, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China (e-mail: zhangwancun@ 123456126.com ).

Author information

Xingxing Huo http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9506-1361

Article

Publisher ID: MD-D-20-07609 Accession ID: 24940

DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000024940

PMC ID: 7969325

PubMed ID: 33725855

SO-VID: 8ca42100-a195-46a0-8b38-506a139b6f0f

License:

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CCBY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

History

Date received : 12 August 2020

Date revision received : 29 October 2020

Date accepted : 30 November 2020

Funding

Funded by: Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province

Award ID: 1808085QH250

Award Recipient : Qiumei Zhou

Funded by: Scientific and technological projects of Henan Province

Award ID: 202102310068

Award Recipient : Wancun Zhang

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Keywords: metabolism,non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,obesity,routine examination,screening,type-2 diabetes mellitus

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Keywords: metabolism, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity, routine examination, screening, type-2 diabetes mellitus

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Prevalence and risk factor analysis for the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

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Jiangsu Journal of Preventive Medicine

Most cited references 39

Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease – A global public health perspective

Progression of NAFLD to diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease or cirrhosis.

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Cited by 12

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