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      New Aspects of HECT-E3 Ligases in Cell Senescence and Cell Death of Plants

      review-article
      Author(s): , *
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Plants
      Publisher: MDPI
      Keywords: HECT-type E3, cell senescence, aspects, Arabidopsis

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          Abstract

          Plant cells undergo massive orderly changes in structure, biochemistry, and gene expression during cell senescence. These changes cannot be distinguished from the hydrolysis/degradation function controlled by the ubiquitination pathway, autophagy, and various hydrolases in cells. In this mini-review, we summarized current research progress that the human HECT (homologous to the E6AP carboxyl terminus)-type ubiquitin E3 ligases have non-redundant functions in regulating specific signaling pathways, involved in a number of human diseases, especially aging-related diseases, through the influence of DNA repair, protein stability, and removal efficiency of damaged proteins or organelles. We further compared HECT E3 ligases’ structure and functions between plant and mammalian cells, and speculated new aspects acting as degrading signals and regulating signals of HECT E3 ligase in cell senescence and the cell death of plants.

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          Recognition and processing of ubiquitin-protein conjugates by the proteasome.

          Daniel Finley (2009)
          The proteasome is an intricate molecular machine, which serves to degrade proteins following their conjugation to ubiquitin. Substrates dock onto the proteasome at its 19-subunit regulatory particle via a diverse set of ubiquitin receptors and are then translocated into an internal chamber within the 28-subunit proteolytic core particle (CP), where they are hydrolyzed. Substrate is threaded into the CP through a narrow gated channel, and thus translocation requires unfolding of the substrate. Six distinct ATPases in the regulatory particle appear to form a ring complex and to drive unfolding as well as translocation. ATP-dependent, degradation-coupled deubiquitination of the substrate is required both for efficient substrate degradation and for preventing the degradation of the ubiquitin tag. However, the proteasome also contains deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) that can remove ubiquitin before substrate degradation initiates, thus allowing some substrates to dissociate from the proteasome and escape degradation. Here we examine the key elements of this molecular machine and how they cooperate in the processing of proteolytic substrates.
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            Physiological functions of the HECT family of ubiquitin ligases.

            Daniela Rotin, Sharad Kumar (2009)
            The ubiquitylation of proteins is carried out by E1, E2 and E3 (ubiquitin ligase) enzymes, and targets them for degradation or for other cellular fates. The HECT enzymes, including Nedd4 family members, are a major group of E3 enzymes that dictate the specificity of ubiquitylation. In addition to ubiquitylating proteins for degradation by the 26S proteasome, HECT E3 enzymes regulate the trafficking of many receptors, channels, transporters and viral proteins. The physiological functions of the yeast HECT E3 ligase Rsp5 are the best known, but the functions of HECT E3 enyzmes in metazoans are now becoming clearer from in vivo studies.
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              Autophagy-dependent cell death

              Donna Denton, Sharad Kumar (2018)
              Autophagy-dependent cell death can be defined as cell demise that has a strict requirement of autophagy. Although autophagy often accompanies cell death following many toxic insults, the requirement of autophagic machinery for cell death execution, as established through specific genetic or chemical inhibition of the process, is highly contextual. During animal development, perhaps the best validated model of autophagy-dependent cell death is the degradation of the larval midgut during larval-pupal metamorphosis, where a number of key autophagy genes are required for the removal of the tissues. Surprisingly though, even in the midgut, not all of the 'canonical' autophagic machinery appears to be required. In other organisms and cancer cells many variations of autophagy-dependent cell death are apparent, pointing to the lack of a unifying cell death pathway. It is thus possible that components of the autophagy machinery are selectively utilised or repurposed for this type of cell death. In this review, we discuss examples of cell death that utilise autophagy machinery (or part thereof), the current knowledge of the complexity of autophagy-dependent cellular demise and the potential mechanisms and regulatory pathways involved in such cell death.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Plants (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Plants (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plants
                Title: Plants
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2223-7747
                Publication date (Electronic): 08 November 2019
                Publication date Collection: November 2019
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 11
                Electronic Location Identifier: 483
                Affiliations
                Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; 1150538001@ 123456fafu.edu.cn
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: ymiao@ 123456fafu.edu.cn ; Tel.: +86-591-86392987
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2220-455X
                Article
                Publisher ID: plants-08-00483
                DOI: 10.3390/plants8110483
                PMC ID: 6918304
                PubMed ID: 31717304
                SO-VID: 8c9b2d6a-8f67-4520-8d9d-7f7ede4773bf
                Copyright © © 2019 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 16 September 2019
                Date accepted : 06 November 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: hect-type e3,cell senescence,aspects,arabidopsis
                Data availability:
                Keywords: hect-type e3, cell senescence, aspects, arabidopsis

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